Descartes Discourse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Descartes Discourse - Essay Example All the while, it appeared to me that the end would be shown up at distinctively when Descartes admitted â€Å"I saw that the suggestion ‘I am thinking, along these lines I exist’ has nothing about it to guarantee me that I am talking the truth† (Descartes, 2007). Aside from the anticipated conviction of the ‘cogito’ articulation, he finds that he could just build up assurance of honesty for issues that experience an individual’s striking origination. (2) Since you were anticipating an alternate closure, assess how effective the creator was in persuading you to acknowledge the legitimacy of the â€Å"surprise ending† that was not obviously proposed toward the start. Despite the fact that the unexpected completion is a long way from my fundamental suspicion, Descartes figured out how to persuade me through his affirmation of the flawlessness of God from whom the human ability to think started. It convinces me to concur with the intensity of reason as Descartes recognized that a person or thing is more noteworthy than him and his capability to shape considerations or capacity to question where he legitimizes the legitimacy of reason over faculties and cognizance by thinking itself. The logician at the time appears to be fit for being available to the light of all otherworldly and profound prospects that need not be supported by material or physical proof as he continued looking for truth as long as his methodology drives him to continuous and free wisdom from confirmations when

Properties of Light

Danielle Silverstein PHY 101 Section 10497 March 4, 2013 Light up this World Purpose: In this lab try, LED lights will be utilized to show how when E&M radiation is consumed, the vitality is changed over to warm. A drop of isopropyl liquor will assimilate light vitality of various hues, and the dissipation pace of the liquor will be estimated. The way in to this lab is the vanishing rate is legitimately identified with the vitality of the light sparkling on the drop. Materials: * LEDs and circuits (from past lab) * Pipette (or eyedropper) * Rubbing liquor Index card * 9-volt battery * Flashlight * Stopwatch * Small cardboard box (shoe box) Procedures: A three-sided fenced in area from the cardboard box was made. This made an area for applying light from the LED to the drop of liquor while limiting the impact of air flows on the vanishing rate. The eyedropper was utilized to put a solitary drop of isopropyl liquor on a record card inside the fenced in area. A similar size drop was utilized each time the progression was rehashed. The time it takes for the drop to vanish without the LED present was recorded.The dull spot on the card brought about by the liquor was not, at this point obvious. A spotlight was utilized to help with the recognition of the dim spot. The vanishing time was recorded. A similar technique was rehashed for the distinctive shaded LEDs over the liquor drop. The current through each LED and the good ways from the LED to the drop of liquor was the equivalent for each run. The system for each shade of LED was rehashed in any event multiple times and a normal time of dissipation for each shading was determined. A diagram of dissipation time versus recurrence of the LED was then made. Information: Time it took to dry the drop (minutes) | |With no light= 10 minutes | |Red(minutes) |Green(minutes) |Blue(minutes) | |1 |4:43 |5:15 |3:30 | |2 |4:49 |3:59 |3:14 | |3 |5:03 |4:55 |4:07 | |4 |5:23 |3:48 |3:13 | |5 |4:00 |4:26 |3:26 | |6 |5:04 |4:47 |3: 37 | |7 |4:35 |4:20 |3:25 | |8 |5:25 |3:54 |3:10 | |9 |4:30 |5:05 |3:40 | |10 |4:45 |4:15 |3:56 | | |Frequencies(Hz): |4. 3â ·10-14 |6. 0â ·10-14 |6. 67â ·10-14 | |Average Time(s): |4:49 |4:28 |3:31 | [pic] Results: The outcomes show that red had the most reduced recurrence and utilized minimal measure of vitality, green was in the two different hues with a recurrence of 6.  ·10-14 and blue had the most noteworthy recurrence of 6. 67â ·10-14 Conclusion: Light is scope of the electromagnetic range recognizable by the exposed natural eye. The range additionally incorporates radio waves as far as possible up to gamma beams, and light falls about in the center. Electromagnetic radiation consolidates the two particles and waves in nature. Electromagnetic radiation can likewise be depicted as far as a surge of photons. These are massless particles going with wavelike properties at the speed of light. For instance, the changing electric and attractive fields in space structure electr omagnetic waves (Library Thinking Quest). The hues on the range differ from red to violet.The red light has a lower vitality than the violet light that’s toward the finish of the range. The recurrence of the light increments as the shade of the light changes from red to violet. Frequency and recurrence are contrarily corresponding, which makes the frequency decline as the shading changes from red to violet (Hewitt, pg. 520). Contingent upon the shade of the light, the frequency can go from 7ãâ€"10-5 cm (red) to 4ãâ€"10-5 cm (violet), however all electromagnetic radiation goes at the speed of light. The recurrence of the light, which is the quantity of frequencies every seconds is determined utilizing the condition C=LN. L is the frequency, N is the recurrence, and C is the speed of light (Library Thinking Quest).From the perceptions gathered, the red LED light took the longest to dry the drop of liquor and the blue dried it the quickest. Since the red light is on the lower end of the electromagnetic range is utilized the most minimal measure of vitality. Just by taking a gander at the brilliance of the light, this end was made yet consoled subsequent to doing some examination. The red light was exceptionally diminish and black out contrasted with the brilliance of the green and the blue. The blue was the most brilliant of the lights. This light utilized the most vitality and is one of the most distant on the range close to violet. Since the recurrence of light increments as the shade of light descends the range, the red light has the littlest recurrence of 4. 2*10-14, green has center recurrence of 5. 66*10-14 and blue has the biggest recurrence of 6. 37*10-14. The recurrence is legitimately relative to the vitality created by every one of the light, which is appeared in the diagram above. The blue light had the most elevated recurrence and that utilized the most vitality. The red LED utilized minimal measure of vitality since it had the least recurre nce. The more noteworthy the recurrence made the liquor dry quicker since it utilized more warmth (vitality) at once. Light vitality and recurrence are straightforwardly related in reality moreover. Ordinarily since red lights have less vitality than blues lights, blue items are supposed to be hotter.In 1923, American space expert Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) made a dumbfounding revelation. As Hubble watched, the light waves from removed cosmic systems are moved to the red end, and he contemplated this must mean those worlds are moving endlessly from the Milky Way. These perceptions presumed that something that demonstrated red was moving endlessly from its onlooker. The laws of thermodynamics express that where warmth is included, the development is in every case away from a zone of high temperature and toward a region of low temperature. Warmed particles that reflect red light are territories that are advancing toward a territory of low temperature. Atoms of low temperature reflect pa le blue or purple light on the grounds that the inclination of warmth is to push toward them.Fire, for instance, it lets off warmth to keep individuals warm. The shade of fire is for the most part red and orange. These hues are at the lower end of the range of light. The motivation behind why fire is the shading red is on the grounds that; red radiates the most minimal measure of vitality since it has the least recurrence. Fire can be utilized from multiple points of view on the planet without utilizing mass measure of vitality to warm things up. As referenced in the lab from a week ago, the crocodile cuts caused a ton of issues with holing the associations together. A superior material would be the association covers where the wires go inside a little cylinder and are crushed together at each conclusion to protect security.When the light went out because of the association, it caused made a more drawn out time for the liquor drop to dry. This made some blunder in the test with the time and the general normal. [pic]References: †¢ Hewitt, P. G. (1998). Part 23,24. Calculated material science (eighth ed. , pp. 494-550). Perusing, Mass. : Addison Wesley. †¢ Lesson 9 Electricity. (n. d. ). PHY 101 . Recovered February 9, 201328, 2013, from https://www. riolearn. organization/content/phy/phy101/PHY101_INTER_0000_v4/exercises/lesson08. shtml? scrambled sectionid=am5lN0s1VHdrNkRZdEdaK3ZBR3dSdz09 †¢ â€Å"The Physics of Light: What Is Light?. † ThinkQuest : Library. N. p. , n. d. Web. 19 Mar. 2013.

Book Riots Deals of the Day for February 17th, 2019

Book Riots Deals of the Day for February 17th, 2019 You could win a six-month subscription to an amazing Romance box! Go here to enter for a chance to win, or just click the image below: These deals were active as of this writing, but may expire soon, so get them while they’re hot! Todays  Featured Deals Kill the Farm Boy: The Tales of Pell by Kevin Hearne and Delilah S. Dawson for $2.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. The Lovers: A Novel by Vendela Vida for $1.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. The Sun Does Shine: How I Found Life and Freedom on Death Row by Anthony Ray Hinton with Lara Love Hardin for $2.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. In Case You Missed Yesterdays Most Popular Deals The Wave in the Mind: Talks and Essays on the Writer, the Reader, and the Imagination by Ursula K. Le Guin for $2.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. 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Youve Been Accepted to Graduate School How to Choose

It undoubtedly requires a great deal of energy and stamina to apply to graduate school, but your task isnt complete once you send out those applications. Your endurance will be tested as you wait months for an answer. In  March or even as late as April graduate programs begin to notify applicants of their decision. It is rare for a student to be accepted at all schools to which he or she applies. Most students apply to several schools and may be accepted by more than one. How do you choose which school to attend? Funding Funding is important, without a doubt, but dont base your decision entirely on funding awarded for the first year of study. Issues to consider include: How long does funding last? Are you funded until you receive your degree or is it for a certain number of years?Will you need to look for outside funding (e.g. jobs, loans, external scholarships)?Will you be able to pay bills, buy food, socialize, etc. with the amount being offered or will the cost of living need to be supplemented by other sources?Have you been offered a teaching or research assistantship at the school? It is important to note other aspects that may be associated with financial concerns. The location of the school can influence the costs of living. For example, it is more expensive to live and attend school in New York City than in a rural college located in Virginia. Additionally, a school that may have a better program or reputation but a poor financial aid package should not be rejected. You may gain more after graduating from a school as such than a school with an unappealing program or reputation but a great financial package. Your Gut Visit the school, even if you have before. What does it feel like? Consider your personal preferences.  How do professors and students interact? What is the campus like? The neighborhood? Are you comfortable with the setting? Questions to consider: Is the school located in a region that is habitable according to your terms?Is it too far from family members?Can you live here for the next 4-6 years?Is everything easily accessible?If food is a factor, are there restaurants able to cater to your diet?What kinds of employment opportunities are there?Do you like the campus?Is the atmosphere comforting?What types of facilities are available to the students?Do they have a computer lab that is easily accessible?What services are offered to students?Do graduate students seem satisfied with the school (remember that some grumbling is normal for students!)?Do you plan to live in this region after graduation? Reputation and Fit What is the schools reputation? Demographics? Who attends the program and what do they do afterward? Information on the program, the faculty members, the graduate students, course offerings, degree requirements, and job placement can sway your decision in attending a school. Make sure you do as much research as possible on the school (you should have done this before you applied also). Questions to consider: What is the reputation of the school?How many students actually graduate and receive a degree?How long does it take to complete the degree?How many students get a job in their field after they graduate?Did the school have any lawsuits or mishaps?What is the programs philosophy?What are the research interests of professors? Is there a professor who shares your interests?Are the professors with whom you want to work available to advise? (You should have more than one professor that your interested in having as an advisor in case one is not available.)Can you see yourself working with this professor?What is the reputation of the faculty members? Are they well known in their field?Does the professor have any research grants or awards?How accessible are faculty members?What are the rules and regulations of the school, the program, and the faculty?Does the program fit your research interests?What is the curriculum of the program? What are the degree requirements? Only you can make the final decision. Consider the pros and cons and determine if the benefits outweigh the costs. Discuss your options with an advisor, counselor, faculty member, friends, or family members. The best fit is a school that can provide you with a good financial package, a program that is tailored to your goals, and a school that has a comfortable atmosphere. Your decision should be based ultimately on what you are looking to gain out of graduate school. Finally, recognize that no fit will be ideal. Decide what you can and cannot live with -- and go from there.

14 Quotes for a Funny Wedding Toast

If youve been asked to give a wedding toast, chances are youre taking your  role seriously. Perhaps too seriously! Often, the best wedding toasts start with a joke, even if they wind up with a sincere wish for the couples future happiness. Why Give a Funny Wedding Toast? Weddings  bring up complicated emotions. For the bride and groom, theres joy along with (in many cases) tremendous anxiety. Sometimes the anxiety is related to the very idea of a permanent commitment; other times its related to aspects of the wedding itself. Will the caterer show up? Will my divorced parents  get into a fight? Will Aunt Jane get drunk and fall into the wedding cake? Similarly, complex emotions come up for parents who are both thrilled and saddened as their child steps into a new role and a new stage of life. Siblings may be delighted, jealous, or even angry about some aspect of the wedding. Best friends may feel left behind. Humor is almost always the best way to break the ice, lower anxiety, and just have fun at a wedding. If youve been asked to give a  wedding toast, chances are you have a close relationship with either the bride, the groom, or both. That means you know which kinds of humor are likely to get a big laugh, and which wont. Funny Wedding Quotes to Choose From Not all of these famous quotes will be right for you, but youll almost certainly find one or two that connect with your particular wedding party! Henny YoungmanThe secret of a happy marriage remains a secret. John MiltonBiochemically, love is just like eating large amounts of chocolate. Henry KissingerNobody will ever win the battle of the sexes. There€s too much fraternizing with the enemy. Cathy CarlyleLove is an electric blanket with somebody else in control of the switch.​ SocratesBy all means, marry; if you get a good wife, youll be happy. If you get a bad one, youll become a philosopher. Rita RudnerI love being married. Its so great to find that one special person you want to annoy for the rest of your life. Mickey RooneyAlways get married early in the morning. That way, if it doesnt work out, you havent wasted a whole day. Henny YoungmanI take my wife everywhere I go. She always finds her way back. Ralph Waldo EmersonA mans wife has more power over him than the state has. Honore de BalzacThe majority of husbands remind me of an orangutan trying to play the violin. Anne Bancroft The best way to get most husbands to do something is to suggest that perhaps theyre too old to do it. Erma Bombeck Marriage has no guarantees. If thats what youre looking for, go live with a car battery! Anonymous A good marriage is one where each partner secretly suspects they got the better deal. Winston  Churchill My most brilliant achievement was my ability to persuade my wife to marry me.

The Government”s Taking of Private Property Free Essays

The Constitution of the United States is based primarily on the ideas of the 17th Century English philosopher John Locke. Locke thought that everyone had natural rights, which included life, liberty, and property. Locke stated â€Å"the great and chief end, therefore, of men†s uniting into commonwealths, and putting themselves under government, is the preservation of property† (Locke/ McClaughry 3). We will write a custom essay sample on The Government†s Taking of Private Property or any similar topic only for you Order Now He thought that if any of these rights were violated that the violator should make restitution. The Takings Clause in the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution states â€Å"Nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. When the government needs a citizen†s private property to build roads or buildings, they compensate the person with money roughly equal to the value of that person†s land. The problem of the government taking or restricting a citizen†s land arises with regulation of private property. John McClaughry defines regulatory taking â€Å"as a governmental confiscation or destruction of economic rights by regulation, without the physical occupation which would trigger just compensation to the owner† (McClaughry 7). The case of Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council is an example of regulatory taking. In the case of Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council, Lucas bought two adjacent lots on the coast of the Isle of Palms in South Carolina, only to have the land restricted by the state, which prevented his intended use of the lots. Lucas argued that the state†s restriction of the land constituted taking without just compensation. The South Carolina Court of Common Pleas agreed with Lucas and awarded him $1,232,387. 50. The Supreme Court of South Carolina disagreed with the lower court, and saying that the restrictions were designed to prevent serious public harm so no compensation was necessary, even if it did affect the property†s value. Lucas appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States. The Supreme Court of the United States decided on Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council in June of 1992. This was four years after the Beachfront Management Act, which prohibited construction on Lucas† lots, was enacted in 1988. An amendment was made to the Act in 1990 that would allow construction in special situations. Lucas could possibly appeal to the Council and receive a permit to build on his lots at the time of the Supreme Court hearings. Lucas argued that the deprivation of use of his land from 1988-1990 amounted to a taking. The Supreme Court decided to grant certiorari. According to Locke, the government†s purpose is to protect and enforce people†s natural rights. One of the natural rights, according to Locke, is life. The coastal area of the Isle of Palms that Lucas† lots were on has been plagued with floods. Justice Blackmun stated that the land was â€Å"under water† from 1957 until 1963. In addition, between 1981 and 1983, â€Å"the Isle of Palms issued twelve emergency orders for sandbagging to protect property† (Blackmun 2). The state of South Carolina saw Lucas† property as unsafe. â€Å"Long ago it was recognized that all property in this country is held under the implied obligation that the owner†s use of it shall not be injurious to the community, and the Takings Clause did not transform that principle to one that requires compensations whenever the State asserts its power to enforce it† (Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass. 491-492). The state†s prevention of building on the site in question would not only foreseeably save the beach from erosion,! insurance and federal aid money, but possibly lives. The Supreme Court ruled in this case that when all value has been taken from property that the owner must receive compensation for it. The question still stands as to whether the state caused the land to become valueless by restricting the building upon it. Justice Blackmun argued, â€Å"†¦ yet the trial court, apparently believing that ‘less value† and ‘valueless† could be used interchangeably, found the property ‘valueless†Ã¢â‚¬  (Blackmun 5). He goes on to propose that the land still held value because Lucas could enjoy it in other ways, such as camping, swimming, picnicking, or placing a mobile home on it. The value of the property often lies in the eye of the beholder. In Colorado, a piece of legislation is being proposed that might become a model for other states where property rights are concerned. The Private Property Protection Act would allow â€Å"a landowner to seek compensation when a regulation takes away more than fifty percent of the land†s value† (McClaughry 4). This act hopes † to establish a standard for the most serious regulatory takings and to afford a method of relief for a landowner whose rights have been taken† according to McClaughry (McClaughry 8). In 1997, Senator Hatch (R-UT) introduced a piece of legislation called the Citizen†s Access to Justice Act. This Act would â€Å"reduce delay and expense of litigation by clearly defining when a property owner†s claim is ripe† for adjudication (Annett 2). This piece of legislation would help speed the process that is so costly for property owners. The Private Property Rights Implementation Act was passed in October of 1997. This Act helps owners pass their first hurdle by allowing them to have the merits of their case heard in federal court. The Tucker Act Shuffle Relief Act, also passed in October of 1997, helps citizens pass the second hurdle by â€Å"resolving the jurisdictional question for federal courts† (Annett 3). Even though the Supreme Court†s ruling in Lucas looked promising for property rights advocates, it turned out not to be such a big win after all. Justice Scalia limited the application of the ruling to total takings, excluding partial takings. The distinction between total and partial takings â€Å"is arbitrary and inconsistent with the purposes of the Takings Clause† (Butler 3). It is possible that one landowner could lose more money on a piece of property that is only partially taken and not receive compensation for it, when another landowner could be compensated for a piece of land that is not wholly worth as much as the other owner†s partial piece. The Supreme Court†s partial versus total taking has made a big impact upon lower court judges however. The lower courts are using the decision as a standard by which to judge regulatory property rights cases across the board. Many defendants are attempting to use the ruling, to fight prohibited construction on their land, where it is not applicable. Defendants â€Å"cannot claim their land is valueless simply because they might have developed it in the future† (Butler 5). The other relevant part of the Lucas decision is that â€Å"if the activity was previously permitted under relevant property and nuisance principles, then the prohibition of the activity would be a total regulatory taking that must be compensated† (Butler 6). Justice Blackmun ponders whether the government is going to be able to continue if it must weigh the possibility of compensation when making laws outlawing serious dangers to society. However, if all economically beneficial uses are not destroyed by the regulation, then it does not matter whether or not the activity was previously permitted. Another case of regulatory property taking that is still on the state level is the expansion of the Minneapolis-St. Paul Regional Airport. With the expansion of the airport, increased air traffic would be flying over the nearby Minnesota Valley National Wildlife Refuge. In compensation for the affects on the habitat, â€Å"†¦ the Fish and Wildlife Service is going to be paid over $20 million† (Young 1). However, the money is going to come from fees and charges placed on people using the airport. When someone from the private sector causes detriment to federal lands they must compensate the government for the lost lands. The end of Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council remains to be told. The South Carolina Supreme Court ordered the state of South Carolina to purchase the two lots in question from David Lucas. The state then put the two lots on the market as residential sites. Perhaps the â€Å"courts should look beyond the public-interest rhetoric and examine the validity of the alleged public purpose† (Butler 7). This is the other side of regulatory takings. If the states are required to pay property owners millions of dollars for the land in question, are they going to be able to uphold the Acts and legislation that got them there? Locke†s natural rights seem to conflict over the regulatory taking of private property. The natural right to life appears to have precedent over the natural right to property according to the government†s actions in dealing with regulatory takings. The government says that the taking of the land is in the best interest of society, but rights of the individu! al are being overlooked. When the taking is free to the government, it appears to be a good plan of action for them. When the government must pay for their land, they weigh the pros and cons of their decisions a little more heavily. The Lucas case is full of precedents, good and bad, for both sides of the issue of regulatory takings. How to cite The Government†s Taking of Private Property, Essay examples

Good Faith Bargaining free essay sample

The key provisions relating to good faith bargaining obligations under FWA 2009- Section 228(1) mandate bargaining representatives for enterprise agreement to meet the under-listed requirements in order to ascertain that bargaining are done in good faith. * Attend and participate in meetings at reasonable times * Disclose relevant information but not confidential or commercially sensitive information in a timely manner. * Give genuine consideration to the proposals made by other bargaining representatives, and give reason to the responses made to those proposals. Recognize and bargain with the other bargaining representatives * Refrain from unfair conduct that undermines freedom of association or collective bargaining * Respond to proposals made by other bargaining representatives in a timely manner However, Section 228(2) says that, good faith bargaining requirements do not require a bargaining representative to make concessions during bargaining for the agreement and also to reach agreement on the terms that are to be included in the agreement. The good faith bargaining obligations are given force by ability of the bargaining representative to apply to FWA under Section 229 for bargaining order, in situations where another bargaining representative has not met any of the good faith bargaining requirements of section 228(1). The Good Faith Bargaining obligation will take effect as soon as an employer initiates negotiations for an enterprise agreement, or more likely agree to the union’s request to begin bargaining or when a majority support determination or a low paid authorization is made by FWA. That is, bargaining begins when an employer agrees to bargain for an enterprise agreement with its employees. In a situation where majority of the employees support the making of an agreement, bargaining representative can apply to Fair Work Australia for a determination mandating the employer to bargain. The determination will be approved where it is glaring employees want to bargain, those that constitute majority voters have been fairly chosen, but the employer refused to bargain. Employees and Unions are allowed under Australia law to take a protected industrial action in support of their claims in enterprise agreement negotiations and employer may engage in retaliatory lockout (Crystal 2009, pp. 23). However, several routine and substantive requirements must be met before such industrial action is taken and the party seeking to take it has been really trying to reach agreement with the other part, although, they are legally separated but are related requirement to the GFB obligations. While FWA has indicated that the right of employees to take industrial action and employer’s right to retaliatory lockout should not be conflated in practice, similar consideration arise when FWA is determining whether a negotiating party has been genuinely trying to reach agreement and whether a party is bargaining in good faith (Smith 2009). NIGERIA COLLECTIVE BARGAINING In the same vein, ratification of ILO Convention No. 98 of 1949 on the Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining has given workers the right to join or form trade unions in Nigeria. Nigeria is known for the use of collective bargaining in her enterprise agreement. The provision for collective bargaining was made under the Labor Act Cap 198 of the Federation Laws in 1990. The term â€Å"Collective bargaining† was defined by Nigeria Labor Act, as the process of arriving or attempting to arrive at a collective agreement, while collective agreement is term to be written agreement regarding working conditions and terms of employment agreed upon between a union of workers or an organization representing workers and an organization of employers. The end result of this exercise is that both parties will unanimously agree on certain employment’s terms and conditions. When bargaining is done in good faith, it’s eventually leads to agreement between employer and employees which often result to social order in their relationship (Erugo 1998, p. 33). Nigeria Labor Congress (NLC) is the most prominent labor union in Nigeria that often educates, defend and advance the political, economic, social and cultural rights of Nigerian employees. The functions of collective bargaining includes the provision for peaceful settlement of grievances and disputes arising from interpretation of collective agreement, or areas that are not included in the agreement, it’s also to establish industrial jurisprudence and to win concessions from the employer by collective action (Fashoyin 1992). However, to collectively bargain in Nigeria context requires the preparation of comprehensive statement of demands put forward by the union representing workers for the consideration of the employer. Following by the negotiation process where union and the employers’ association finally meet on the appointed date and venue for negotiation. In the national context, the meeting is usually chaired by employers’ group with the union’s President as his vice chairman. The employer do prepare their own positions and counter proposals for each of the union’s demand. For each position taken reasons are site as evidence. Results are normally unpredictable because decisions are only arrived at when there is unanimous agreement between employees and employer. Collective bargaining practices in Nigeria ranges from; national, state, enterprise and industrial collective bargaining, but the most practice one in the country is the industrial bargaining which is concerned with negotiation and agreement in the industries. Collective bargaining is an acknowledged mechanism for determining wage levels and work’s conditions in Nigeria, the often assumption of trade union in determining collective bargaining outcome makes it to be in a state of instability. EVALUATION OF NIGERIA AND AUSTRALIA BARGAINING SYSTEMS Despite the right to organize to bargain collectively in Nigeria, employees are not fully availed with this right, as unionism and collective bargaining are disallowed in several jurisdictions based on the perception that unrestricted unionism may threaten the internal security of the state (Adams 2008, 165-172) . It’s also evident that private sectors in Nigeria have taken over the public sector with wage superiority and low involvement of their workers in trade union movement. While the multinational corporations also dominate Nigeria’s private sectors and they are known for anti-union activities by not tolerating trade unionism and collective bargaining since the inception of trade union in Nigeria (Okafor and Bode 2005). Nigeria government often take care the duty of tax wage fixation instead of allowing collective bargaining to play this role, this contributes to the inactive states of collective bargaining in the country. However, the situation of compelling all wages agreement to be registered with the Ministry of Labor who decides the effectiveness of the agreement shows a level of restriction in Nigeria’s collective bargaining. Most Nigerian states intervene in collective bargaining especially when they provide the job and source of finances, for example, government regulates the commercial and physical environment of higher institutions by formulating educational policies, provides services and stipulates conditions of service for staff. This often results to crisis in industrial relations as it’s perceived to be an attempt by government to compelled labor to take to its directives, instead of allowing collective bargaining to take its course (Ekpenyong 1989). However, several studies had shown that workers are often maltreated as employers deny their employees the right to unionize. The prevention of most employees in the banking industries by their employers to join workers union is a typical example of the major setback confronting collective bargaining in Nigeria (Adewumi 2008). The setbacks in Nigeria system is however different from that of Australia good faith bargaining which gives room for bargaining of wages and work condition to take place between employer and employees or trade union, but must not negotiate for anything below the standard stipulated in the National Employment Standard( NES). Obligation to disclose information relevant to collective bargaining widely creates a significant problems for Australia workers due to the fact that the Fair Work Act fail to give a proper definition of the kind of information to be provided , nor what is meant by confidential or commercially sensitive information that may be withhold. The decision of Whelan C in AFMEPKIU V H Heinz Co Australia Ltd [2009] FWA 322 was the first to indicate that strict limits on direct dealing will not form part of Australia’s Good Faith Bargaining laws. Sequel, there is nothing to prevent either the union or the company from canvassing the views of employees on shift hour. Widespread communication is must be encouraged, not regulated or monopolized because communication with staff is a good management practice. Employers in Australia can make out a business case for re-organizing its operations; they can implement a restructure while agreement negotiations are in existence and not be in breach of the GFB obligations under the Fair Work Act. Direct dealing and communication with employees is another area of advantage to Australia bargaining system. Drake SDP’s recommendation in AFMEPKIU Vs Transfield Astralia Pty Ltd. [2009] FWA 93 states that, Transfield will deal with all officers and delegates of the bargaining agent representatives who are authorized by their organizations to conduct negotiation. This requires that all interaction, communication and correspondence in bargaining be conducted through the parties chosen representatives. This method of bargaining was seen to be partially accurate in Australia because it doesn’t facilitate good rapport between the employer and the employee. FWA later availed employers the right to communicate directly with employees during bargaining. However, the tribunal has prevented direct dealing in form of unilateral pay increases, progress of negotiations or defend their bargaining position to employees but not discredit the union or undermine it bargaining right (Dannin 2001). Conclusively, Conflict and litigation are hallmarks of the Nigeria system of labor union recognition, with employers engaging in hostile resistance to both union attempts to gain recognition and where the union eventually succeeds to collectively bargaining. Employer tactics during union recognition campaigns in Nigeria include dismissal restricting union access to employees for communication purposes, while the employer conducts captive audiences speeches with employees (Paul 2009). It highlight to employees the possibility of business closures of other adverse consequences if collective bargaining is mandated, and portraying the potentially negative as part of union involvement, e. g. nvasion of employee’s privacy, or employees being forced into strikes or picket- line violence, strategic litigation by employers, the ineffectiveness of remedies against unfair labor practices and undue influence from the government on collective bargaining are major hindrances facing Nigeria system. However, the level of opposition by Australia employers against collective bargain cannot be compare to that of Nigeria. Apart from few prominent examples, such as, the 1998 waterfront dispute, where Patrick Corporation sacked his entire workforce, lo cked them out and set up new companies to employ a non- unionized workforce (Steve 1998). Anti-union tactics by employers in Australia is not as pronounced as the consistent disagreement between NLC and Nigeria government due to failure of government representatives to fulfilled promises made in respect of wages and employment conditions in the course of bargaining with the worker’s union. Australia good faith bargaining is more advantageous in comparison with the Nigeria collective bargaining in the sense that, free hands are given to both employers and employees and their representatives by Australia government to unanimously negotiate in good faith without external influences. Works Cited Adams, Roy J. The Human Right of Police to Organize and Bargain Collecty. Police Practice Research, 2008. Adewumi, Funmi. Globalization, Labour and the challenge of decent work in Nigeria. Ibadan: University of Ibadan, 2008. Crystal, Shae Mc. The Fair Work Act 2009(cth) and The Right to Strike. Australia Journal of Labour Law, 2009: 23. Dannin, Ellen. Good Faith Bargaining: Direct Dealing and Information Request. New York: The US Experience, 2001. Ekpenyong, S. The challenge of change, Human resources management of tertiary institutions. Port Harcourt: Enahoro amp; Arubayi, 1989. Erugo, Sampson I. Introduction to Nigeria Labour Law. Lagos: Mikky Communication, 1998. Fashoyin, T. Industrial Relation in Nigeria. Lagos: Longman Nigeria, 1992. Joe, Isaac, and Macintyre Stuat. The New Province for Law and Order. Cambridge University Press, 2004. Okafor, E. E. , and Okunade A. S Bode. Introduction to Industrial Relation. Ibadan: Mubak Press, 2005. Paul, Secunda. Toward the Viability of State-Based Legislation. Comparative Labour and Police Journal, 2009: 29-2. Riley, Joellen. Bargaining Fair Work Style: Fault in the Australia Model. New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations vol. 37, no. 1 (2012). Roger, Joel. Beyond Exclusive Collective Bargaining. New York: Working USA, 2002. Ronald, McCallum. The Industrial Relation Reform Act. Australian Journal of Labour Law, 1993: 63. Smith, Stephen. Australia Industry Group. Sydney, 2009. Strauss, G. Australia Copied US Emploment Relation Practices. Economic and Labour Relation s Review, 2008. Union, Australia. Union Increase for the first time in 20 years. Workplace Express , 2010.

Air Pollution Affects Us More Than We Think Professor Ramos Blog

Air Pollution Affects Us More Than We Think Did you know that air pollution does not just affect our environment and health, but that it also affects us psychologically? When someone says air pollution people usually tend to think of factories putting chemicals in the air, forest fires, or old cars. What they do not think of is all the problems that come out of air pollutions. When getting to know about pollution it is important to know other countries who have gone through it such as china, the type of health problems that it causes, the psychological issue, and the solution.Since 1982 China has dealt with the problem of air pollution. A majority of the pollution in China comes from the four major cities Beijing, Chengdu, Guangzhou, and Shanghai that have an air quality level of PM 2.5. PM stands for particulate matter which is the particles found in the air such as dust, dirt, smoke, chemicals, etc. PM 2.5 means that the particles in the air are 2.5 micrometers. Our bodies are able to breath in and exhale PM10 particles and we will be fine, but for PM2.5 it â€Å"is much more dangerous to our health as it can penetrate deep into our lungs and enter our bloodstream.† (Health and safety, 7). The air quality in China has gotten so bad that it has contributed to 1.6 million deaths in 2014. To help solve the air pollution, China has many air quality monitors that monitor on the ground daily. The monitors have found out that â€Å"a wide variety of factors may influence the PM2.5 level, which may be closely related to environmental and industrial factors, we focus on inferring statistical dependence and causal relations between four major cities in China based on the PM2.5 measurement data as observational evidence.† (Min Kim, 6). Due to the monitors they are not certain that it is the factories that are the main source causing the bad air quality, but they are working on making the chemicals coming out of factories better.The type of health issues that air pollution can cause are nausea, diffi culty in breathing, skin irritation, or even cancer. It could also cause health problems such as birth defects, serious developmental delays in children, and reduced activity of the immune system. What happens is that heavy metals such as lead, mercury, arsenic, dioxins, etc. goes into the nervous system and causes those types of problems. â€Å"Moreover, there exist several susceptibility factors such as age, nutritional status and predisposing conditions.† (Kampa, Castanas, 11). Memory and attention are another common health problem that comes from air pollution. A study of air pollution exposure during children’s first year at life found that it associates â€Å"with reduced psychomotor development, as well as with autism spectrum disorder, and impairment in cognitive development.† (Rivas, 4). How they did this study is they got a group of kids between the ages of seven through ten from Barcelona, Spain and New York, New York to take three tests. The ns of th is is that people feel like if they are in a more polluted area, they can lie a lot easier. That they could do things to benefit them more if the air quality and the environment is not that healthy because in a polluted place, they already see the earth going downhill and think that telling the truth is unethical. If the air quality gets any worse and people do start lying more because they feel like it a common/acceptable thing to do than the world could spin into mayhem and become a more deceiving world. â€Å"Air pollution may increase individuals consideration of and desire for behavioral outcomes, especially material ones, and lead them to transgress rules to reach such outcomes.† (Wu, 5). Air pollution can also raise people’s anxiety and depression. Gloomy skies tend to make some people feel sadder and have the feeling of being sluggish. While for anxiety air pollution can cause the person to feel uneasy and worried about the environment and nervous of what this will cause.To help solve the problem of air pollution one thing that commoners can contribute to is the type of cars a person has. To reduce the air quality and meet the legal limits a way to fix cars outtake on pollution is a new combustion processes for internal combustion engines. A new combustion that we are trying out is called the HCCI combustion. â€Å"The HCCI combustion process is a form of low temperature combustion [1] and has the advantages of lower emissions of NOx, compared to both compression ignition and spark ignition (SI) mode of operation, and at the same time of high efficiency (diesel like efficiency numbers).† (Vucetic, 2). A problem with the HCCI is the sensitivity to the intake air temperature. The intake of air can go up to 200 degrees Celsius; if the temperature goes any higher the exhaust will go out. There are still studies on it and making the engine better for cars, so that we can reduce the air pollution.It is important to acknowledge this probl em because it will not only affect our environment and make the world a gloomier and more polluted place, but that it will affect our health in a negative way causing things such as asthma, skin dieses, cancer, etc. It will also make the world a more chaotic place when it starts affecting our behaviors such as lying, depression, and anxiety. That’s why we need a plan of action, even something as small as fixing engines of our cars, so that we are not spreading chemicals around the world.Castanas, Elias. Kampa, Marilena. Science Direct. 10 June 2007. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.465.5144rep=rep1type=pdf Health and Safety in Shanghai. 2019. https://www.healthandsafetyinshanghai.com/china-air-quality.html Min Kim, Jong. PLOS ONE. 14 March 2019. http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=6sid=5c5a3c67-eab7-49da-b552-a2afd415fbf7%40pdc-v-sessmgr02 Rivas, Ioar. Environmental Health Perspectives. 9 May 2019. https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10. 1289/EHP3169 Vucetic, Ante. Department of IC Engines and Transportation Systems. 15 March 2018. http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=4sid=efa52648-0080-49a6-b8b7-ce55591f86c6%40pdc-v-sessmgr01 Wu, Song. Wang, Tingbin. PLOS ONE. 29 April 2019. http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=5sid=a51dba5c-09a0-4156-8024-e411fd2c9654%40sessionmgr4007

Where did English come from - Claire Bowern Essays - Language

Where did English come from - Claire Bowern Essays - Language When we talk about English, we often think of it as a single language but what do the dialects spoken in dozens of countries around the world have in common with each other, or with the writings of Chaucer? And how are any of them related to the strange words in Beowulf? The answer is that like most languages, English has evolved through generations of speakers, undergoing major changes over time. By undoing these changes, we can trace the language from the present day back to its ancient roots. While modern English shares many similar words with Latin-derived romance languages, like French and Spanish, most of those words were not originally part of it. Instead, they started coming into the language with the Norman invasion of England in 1066. When the French-speaking Normans conquered England and became its ruling class, they brought their speech with them, adding a massive amount of French and Latin vocabulary to the English language previously spoken there. Today, we call that language Old English. This is the language of Beowulf. It probably doesn't look very familiar, but it might be more recognizable if you know some German. That's because Old English belongs to the Germanic language family, first brought to the British Isles in the 5th and 6th centuries by the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. The Germanic dialects they spoke would become known as Anglo-Saxon. Viking invaders in the 8th to 11th centuries added more borrowings from Old Norse into the mix. It may be hard to see the roots of modern English underneath all the words borrowed from French, Latin, Old Norse and other languages. But comparative linguistics can help us by focusing on grammatical structure, patterns of sound changes, and certain core vocabulary. For example, after the 6th century, German words starting with "p," systematically shifted to a "pf" sound while their Old English counterparts kept the "p" unchanged. In another split, words that have "sk" sounds in Swedish developed an "sh" sound in English. There are still some English words with "sk," like "skirt," and "skull," but they're direct borrowings from Old Norse that came after the "sk" to "sh" shift. These examples show us that just as the various Romance languages descended from Latin, English, Swedish, German, and many other languages descended from their own common ancestor known as Proto-Germanic spoken around 500 B.C.E. Because this historical language was never written down, we can only reconstruct it by comparing its descendants, which is possible thanks to the consistency of the changes. We can even use the same process to go back one step further, and trace the origins of Proto-Germanic to a language called Proto-Indo-European, spoken about 6000 years ago on the Pontic steppe in modern day Ukraine and Russia. This is the reconstructed ancestor of the Indo-European family that includes nearly all languages historically spoken in Europe, as well as large parts of Southern and Western Asia. And though it requires a bit more work, we can find the same systematic similarities, or correspondences, between related words in different Indo-European branches. Comparing English with Latin, we see that English has "t" where Latin has "d", and "f" where latin has "p" at the start of words. Some of English's more distant relatives include Hindi, Persian and the Celtic languages it displaced in what is now Britain. Proto-Indo-European itself descended from an even more ancient language, but unfortunately, this is as far back as historical and archeological evidence will allow us to go. Many mysteries remain just out of reach, such as whether there might be a link between Indo-European and other major language families, and the nature of the languages spoken in Europe prior to its arrival. But the amazing fact remains that nearly 3 billion people around the world, many of whom cannot understand each other, are nevertheless speaking the same words shaped by 6000 years of history.

Human Resource Information Systems Assignment (Please answer the

Human Resource Information Systems (Please answer the following 11questions) - Assignment Example SAP R/3 costs are associated with a number of variables. The timeframe will determine the total costs of maintaining, implementing and training procedures. Another variable is the number of people and hardware which will be required for the entire project. 2. Describe how existing history is extracted and imported to your system at conversion. Batch input is a major method to ensure the extraction and import of existing history. It is instrumental for transferring huge amounts of data (Rebstock & Knut, 45). The primary feature of this method is that it does not require maximum attention. Direct input is another method which is a modification of the batch input process. It helps to ensure efficient extraction and import of history. There are no additional fees related to the process of converting history in the SAP R/3 HR Module. The costs are included in the standard package that includes installation, configuration, and maintenance of the system. 4. Define the historical information your system maintains and how long it is available to your customers. Historical information is maintained in an efficient and effective manner by SAP R/3. This is done by integration with specific databases in the system. It can be used to ensure availability of data to clients for a long period. SAP R/3 has a dynamic employee self-service functionality system. It improves productivity and output while creating a responsive system. Information accessibility has been significantly enhanced through this feature. The organization can reduce costs through the display of relevant and appropriate information. This creates a true paperless environment that eliminates the costs associated with paper (Hernandez, Martinez & Keogh, 56). Personal information about remunerations and bonuses can be accessed by employees. Finally the system helps to streamline and automate the HR systems. SAP R/3 HR Module can

Russia Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Russia Revolution - Essay Example The traditional Monarchy had increasingly become so weak and continuously got defeated in several wars. The empire became vulnerable which culminated to severe reactionary. Nicholas had total control over the activities and army (Beckwith 67). Nicholas II refused calls to incorporate people in his leadership and hence masses poked holes and became discontented with his leadership that raised several questions. He took much time with family interest and became obsessed to retain his privileges and naively believed being a God-chosen leader. Nicholas was forced to dissolve the Duma and joined the war front which made him loose his position as this became more detrimental to him. The Nicholas II had long seen his grandfather’s assassination as well and witnessed his father’s responding to the assassination amidst brutal oppression of the people. The attempts by Nicholas to imitate the further approaches to the resistance did not augur well with already dissatisfied masses. The people vowed to oust Nicholas II following the ever emerging rebellious movements. Nicholas make several incident by incident concessions following the increased unrest caused by the imposition of oppressions. These concessions culminated into the inception of the first ever constitution and Russian Parliament. The concession persisted, and Nicholas II grip of power weakened hence opening the door for his ousting in January 1917. The successive wars weakened the emperor such as The Crimean war that lasted between 1854 and 1856. Another war was The Russo-Turkish that was occurred during 1877-78. Another severe war was Russo-Japanese War that lasted between 1904 and 1905, as well as The World War I of 1914-18. These wars spent tax revenue and manpower. The country suffered due to war defeats with only Turkish win. This weakened the nation and fueled the discontent amongst the

Brief Of Company Of United Parcel Service Commerce Essay

Brief Of Company Of United Parcel Service Commerce Essay United Parcel Service, Inc. also known as UPS is a courier organisation which is the worlds largest package delivery service provider today. It was founded in 1907 by Jim Casey and their headquarters are based in Georgia, United States. The organisations operating activities include logistics, freight forwarding, mail packages and supply chain services. It delivers packages to more than 200 countries and domains worldwide. Reasons for selecting The organisations revenue escalated from US$36.6 billion (2004) to US$51.5 billion (2008). Therefore, they have been scaling a tremendous growth rate for several years. A comprehensive analytical study of UPS operations and its corporate strategic implications would enable me to have a firm grasp of globalisation initiatives. With an applied oriented approach, I would garner a more in-depth perspective of strategic management. Main strategic issues facing the company Regarding the integration of information technology, infrastructure and its package delivery operations. To adopt a holistic perspective in tackling information systems with implications at a National and International level. To leverage on its profit-margins by aggressive pricing to rivals and counter escalating overheads in its infrastructure and operating costs, UPS has had to axe 1800 employees. Companys contribution to the National Economy UPS achieved approximately US$38.63 billion in revenue from the U.S. market share (75%) in 2008. UPS contributed 0.36% to the United States GDP of US$14.2 trillion in 2008. The organisation holds a 61% (US$31.28 billion) market share in the U.S. domestic delivery package service. Companys contribution to the Regional Economy The organisation has achieved an award on environmental excellence for the conservation of energy and dealing with global warming issues emphasising on corporate social responsibilities. The organisation recently invested in its corporate branding by sponsoring the Beijing Olympic Games 2008 to gain a foothold in the Chinese market. Recent strategic dilemma The recent U.S. economic recession has sent fuel prices increasing therefore incurring high operating costs. Recent strategic choice The recent opening of a new air hub in Shanghai that provides the organisation with more value added capacities and greater efficiencies in developing business opportunities. UPS partnership with DHL by consenting to its rival to outsource their businesses to them generating revenue of US$1 billion annually across 10 years. Source of Information on Company http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/UPS http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile http://www.ups.com/content/sg/en/about/index.html (349 words) Executive Summary United Parcel Service, Inc is an American-based organisation that is a freight and logistics provider globally across 200 countries and domains employing approximately 426,000 employees. The courier service industry which deals with parcel deliveries is currently in the mid-maturity stage of the Industry life cycle. Critical success factors such as service reliability, efficiency and technological integration into its massive infrastructure are key aspects for a package company to achieve its successful reputation. A substantial amount of initial capital investment is essential for a courier organisation to operate its activities due to purchases and leasing fees of aircrafts, ships and vehicles. Rivalry among existing firms is high, due to a large number of competitors offering competitive low cost pricing strategies. Stakeholders such as governmental regulations and international legislative authorities in various countries have imposed stringent laws and policies in conducting its operating process and procedures. UPS attributes its success and sustainability in developing a robust technological infrastructure and consistently abiding to corporate social responsibility practices. However, the steep increased in volatile fuel prices and substantial operating costs have led to the organisations recent restructuring. The substantial allocation of the firms resources diverted into the Chinese and Indian market would elevate the brand equity and turnovers of UPS. Therefore, it could geographically expand and further capitalise future growth out of the U.S. market dependency. Although UPS needs to address its short duration challenges by monitoring its cash flow activities, it has not compromised its spending in constructing new hub expansions globally in China, America and England primarily. The firms long term perspective has also focused on rectifying issues such as the improvement of delivery services to leverage on maintaining customer loyalty initiatives. The organizations ROI was 6.04% for 2008 which demonstrates that the firm was efficient in their management effectiveness. (298 words) Industry Life Cycle Courier Service Industry Industry Output Introduction Growth Maturity Decline o Time The courier industry has played a major role to facilitate the evolution of globalisation today. This sector has achieved tremendous growth revenues from the 1960s till 2003, before entering into the early maturity stage of the industry life cycle. The industry is looking at expansion opportunities, for example, setting up of new air hubs in other countries to leverage on its international branding. Some organisations have also gone onto diversification of its resources, for example additional services like warehousing and supply chain management solutions. With the implications of global market uncertainty thats happening throughout the world, it has made an impact on slow sales growths. In addition, escalating fuel prices and high operating costs like leasing fees have resulted on a decline or flat profit margin. Currently, I believe that this industry is at its mid- maturity stage of the life cycle. This industry has also experienced peak sales and their revenue is maintained or goes up slightly yearly. Large players in this industry have experienced low cost per customer due to economies of scale, for e.g. expanding their infrastructure and delivery operations on a wider scale in order to achieve lower costs and increased in output. The courier industry has existed for more than a century ago and there are many competitors in the market but some are recently exiting from this industry. The industry targets the mass market for e.g. household consumers, corporations and government agencies whereby all these segments require package deliveries for industrial growth. Price cuts policies are used to encourage customers to switch brand to cement its consistent revenues. There is low research and development needed because the industry has stabilised and systems and policies are already in place. Moreover, firms may result to cost reductions, e.g. axing of employees to reduce expenditure. Major firms might need to consider dropping a few subsidiaries and harvest the more profitable strategies and resources in order to sustain the business. Key Factors of Success Key Success Factors Weight United Parcel Service FedEx Deutsche Post DHL Rating Weighted Score Rating Weighted Score Rating Weighted Score 1 Corporate Branding 0.02 5.00 0.10 5.00 0.10 4.50 0.09 2 Technological Integration 0.10 5.00 0.50 4.50 0.45 4.50 0.45 3 Location Accessibility 0.14 5.00 0.70 4.50 0.63 4.00 0.56 4 Service Reliability 0.20 4.00 0.80 4.50 0.90 5.00 1.00 5 Low Operating Costs 0.15 4.50 0.68 4.00 0.60 3.50 0.53 6 Skills Expertise 0.17 5.00 0.85 4.50 0.77 4.50 0.77 7 Low Pricing Policies 0.03 4.50 0.14 4.50 0.14 5.00 0.15 8 Speed Efficiency 0.19 4.00 0.76 5.00 0.95 5.00 0.95 Total Scores 1.00 4.53 4.54 4.50 Trust, commitment, speed and efficiency are the most important factors to consider in this industry. Thats because customers using the service must rest assured that their packages arrive to their desired destinations on time and accurately to the appropriate address. Firms must deliver a high level of accountability and responsibility to their customers to uphold its reputation. That is why courier insurance policies offered to customers must be affordable and deliver value to ensure firms offers quality assurances. Pilots, drivers and shipmen have to acquire the appropriate expertise to be relied upon for safe deliveries to avoid damages and losses. Training and development programmes for operating aircrafts and vehicles are essential for smooth transit of packages and to ensure an accident-free dispatch. Hub location must also be conveniently and accessibly situated so that firms can deliver a faster and more responsive delivery at lower transportation time and costs. In this way, firms will achieve just-in-time (JIT) delivery system principle for storage costs to be kept at the lowest possible level. The advancement of information management systems integration leads to efficient operations to transact or track the progress of packages for customers and a more systematic process in handling business activities. Firms must also deliver low cost operations to achieve economies of scale by expansion for e.g. bulk purchases for their raw materials like cart boxes, papers, bubble bags and envelopes to attain a lower overall unit cost reduction. In addition, firms must also strategise affordable pricing policies to entice customers to use their services. Branding and advertising is crucial for a firm to defend its market share as this leads to awareness and quality emphasis for customers to develop brand positioning perceptions of various organisations. UPS has performed well by aggressively advertising its brand for e.g. sponsorship for the recent Beijing Olympics 2008 to leverage its recognition in the flourishing Chinese market. In addition, in terms of net income, UPS is the strongest in its financial stability (US$3 billion in 2008) but has to better its reliability, speed and customer service quality compared to its competitors. Porters Five Forces Potential Entrants High Initial Capital Outlay Loyal Customer Relationships Strong Brand Recognition International Legislations Economies of Scale Other Stakeholders Governmental Intervention Environmental Laws Labour Unions Shareholders Wealth Employee Demands Community Pressure (e.g. Terrorism Threats) Rivalry among Existing Firms Large Number of Competitors Pricing Competition Service Differentiation High Exit Barriers Mergers Acquisitions Substitutes E-mail Fax Services Customer Satisfaction Complex Unreliable Technologies Important Documents Secure Facility Suppliers Aircrafts (e.g. Boeing Airbus) Leasing Contractual Fees Logistic Vehicles Cargo Ships Manufacturers Fuel Prices Increments Airport Authorities Buyers Consumer Preferences Backward Integration (e.g. Vehicles) Service Reliability On-time Deliveries Low Switching Cost Discounts Incentives Rivalry among Existing Firms: (High) Theres a high rivalry among firms to compete in low pricing for players as the industry is very saturated. Firms globally offer similar courier services, but have to innovate and offer differentiation to provide an array of services for variety at low costs. Theres a high fixed costs because firms need to purchase vehicles, aircrafts, ships and infrastructure to facilitate its delivery operations. Therefore, theres high exit barrier as players who enter the business needs to purchase or lease fixed assets and employ workers in order to conduct their activities. Threat of New Entrants: (Low) Theres high barrier on entry to new entrants as competitors are aggressively protected of their market share. Furthermore, besides a high initial investment required, established major players have already developed multiple distribution channels. In addition, customers have already committed to their preferred firms for repetitive services due to branding and reliability. Stringent trade barriers, heightened tariffs and governmental regulations to obtaining courier licensing are difficult. Overcoming these factors takes a long time. Bargaining Power of Buyers: (High) The bargaining power of buyers is high because competitors provide undifferentiated services and large commercial firms may use courier providers to transport a massive volume of deliveries. Customers are spoilt for choices as they could conveniently compare various prices firms offer. Buyers may also choose to practice backward integration, for e.g. producing their own supply chain activities and delivery vehicles. In addition, firms offer discounts for high volume freight forwarding and which focuses on high customer retention. Threat of Substitutes: (Low) It is not possible to find a substitute for freight services to deliver packages as this is the only source. However, in terms of mail deliveries, substitution such as emailing and fax pose a threat as alternatives. While these technologies weaken revenues, they wont overwrite it entirely, as customers prefer manual deliveries for a safer medium. In addition, the complexity and substantial costs for its extensive network communication systems will not be able to replace the human element of guaranteed deliveries. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: (High) The bargaining power of vehicles, ships and aircraft manufacturers is high because courier providers require large fleet of vehicles and periodic maintenance. Manufacturers still has power to exercise their preferred choice of buyers from various industries or decide to raise their fees and prices for vehicles. Furthermore, the supplier for aircrafts affects the operating costs for the companies in terms of fuel consumption. Secondly, supplier dependency on vehicles (e.g. Ford) is vital as the organisation needs an extensive medium for an effective mode of logistics distribution. Relative Power of Other Stakeholders: (High) Environmental laws and regulations are enforced in the U.S. under the environmental protection agency (EPA) act whereby the absolute compliance of legislations regarding air pollution and waste materials must be minimised to protect its green environment. Secondly, employees who join unions add pressure to the industry whereby organisations may be prone to strikes and work stoppages because of a large workforce. In addition, shareholders have added pressure for the company to reduce its operating costs by forcing to lay off employees just to maintain its share prices. Internal Factor Analysis Summary (IFAS) Internal Factors Weight Rating Weighted Score Comments Strengths S1 Reputable Branding 0.10 4.80 0.48 Market Dominance S2 Broad Service Variety 0.05 4.50 0.23 Diversified Resources S3 Technology Expertise 0.10 4.70 0.47 E-commerce Competencies S4 Financial Growth 0.15 4.20 0.63 High Profit Margins Success S5 Merger Acquisition 0.08 4.00 0.32 Reduce Competitors Weaknesses W1 Low Employee Output 0.05 3.00 0.15 Low Productivity Revenue Per Employee W2 Domestic Market Dependency 0.12 3.50 0.42 High Reliance on U.S. Market W3 High Operating Costs 0.15 3.20 0.48 Increased in Fuel Prices Labour Costs W4 Poor Delivery Service 0.10 2.00 0.20 Slow Delivery Missing Parcels W5 High Reliance on Information Systems 0.10 2.50 0.25 Massive Database Information Processing Vulnerability Total Scores 1.00 3.63 Strengths: In 2008, the firm was listed in the top prong for the worlds most admired companies by the Reputation Institute. In terms of service variety, the firm offers customised denouements (e.g. UPS CampusShip) to enable employees across other countries to ship documents and parcels from any computer with internet access. UPS was the first company to allow delivery transactions online and provide technological tracking services. In 2008, UPS had an operating and net profit margin of 10.4% and 5.8% respectively, higher than its rivals. Lastly, UPS has made 52 acquisitions to date, and the most recent includes the acquiring of Korea Express (KEC) which accords UPS full authority of its partners operations. Weaknesses: In 2008, UPS revenue per personnel stood approximately at US$120,859.1 which was much lower than its rival FedEx at US$130,872.4. UPS is also highly dependent on the U.S. market for revenue and is susceptible to volatility of the economic and governmental unstable situations domestically. Thirdly, the rapid increase of fuel prices, (average fuel surcharge in 2008 on U.S air deliveries was 25.17% compared to 12.17% in 2007) has increased its operating costs forcing UPS to cut jobs at the same time heightening their packaging rates. UPS also needs to improve on its delivery service as it fairs below average compared to its rivals. In addition, the high reliance on its database information systems processing has made the firm susceptible to data omissions. External Factor Analysis Summary (EFAS) External Factors Weight Rating Weighted Score Comments Opportunities O1 Geographical Expansions 0.15 4.20 0.63 Booming Chinese Market O2 Joint Ventures 0.12 4.30 0.52 Oil Gas Market O3 Online Retailing 0.08 4.00 0.32 E-commerce Trends O4 Growth in Globalisation 0.10 4.50 0.45 Import Export Sectors O5 Strategic Alliances 0.12 3.50 0.42 Booming Indian Market Threats T1 Governmental Regulations 0.06 3.90 0.23 Government Intervention T2 Labour Union Pressure 0.05 4.00 0.20 Strikes Work Stoppage T3 Foreign Currency Fluctuations 0.05 3.80 0.19 International Markets T4 Volatile Oil Prices 0.15 2.30 0.35 Increased Transport Cost T5 Terrorism Natural Disasters 0.12 1.90 0.23 Operations are Disrupted Total Scores 1.00 3.54 Opportunities: UPS formed a joint venture in Dubai to tap into growth opportunities in the oil and gas industry. The firm therefore acquired Unsped Paket Servisi San ve Ticaret A.S., in 2009. UPS has also penetrated the Chinese market by opening new air hubs in Shenzhen and Shanghai to focus on the air speed cargo sectors which is expected to grow at an average of 11.2% per year till 2020. UPS has been a main facilitator for online shopping, for e.g. Nike, Amazon.com and E-bay. The emphasis of international trade in todays world economy has impacted UPS to be a leading global courier provider. UPS has also formed strategic alliance with AFL Pte Ltd, India to leverage on the Indian market. Threats: The unions would affect UPS to provide undisrupted service to its customers if the firm does not satisfy demands of their employees. The transportation, aviation, security and environmental authorities have enforced stringent governmental laws and regulations for UPS to comply in the course of their operations to ensure systematic work ethics are practiced. In addition, currency exchange rates which fluctuate seasonally will implicate the organisations revenue. Furthermore, due to the oil embargo in 2008, it has led to the increase for oil prices. Finally, due to terrorism and natural disasters, its daily flight operations would be greatly affected. Strategic Factor Analysis Summary (SFAS) Duration I N T E R M E S D H I L O A O Strategic Factors Weight Rating Weighted Score R T N Comments T E G S1 Reputable Branding 0.12 4.80 0.58 X Market Dominance S4 Financial Growth 0.10 4.20 0.42 X X Escalated Revenues W2 Domestic Market Dependency 0.07 3.50 0.25 X X High Reliance on U.S. Market W3 High Operating Costs 0.10 3.20 0.32 X X High Fuel Prices Labour Costs O1 Geographical Expansions 0.16 4.20 0.67 X X Booming Chinese Market O2 Joint Ventures 0.15 4.30 0.65 X X Oil Gas Market T4 Volatile Oil Prices 0.12 2.30 0.28 X X High Transport Costs T5 Terrorism Natural Disasters 0.18 1.90 0.34 X Operations are Disrupted Total Scores 1.00 3.51 Short Term: UPS has to ensure that they can maintain financial stability and has done this by achieving an increase of 3.6% in revenue for 2008. UPS has to address issues on achieving yearly financial growth because it affects their annual reports and share prices. Secondly, UPS needs to address high oil prices and has cut labour costs by employing more part time contract workers to manage volume capacities on an ad hoc basis. In addition, UPS recently purchased hydraulic hybrid vehicles which emphasises on fuel reduction expenses. They have also discontinued its night sorting operations in Columbia, shutting down smaller facilities and froze management salaries. Intermediate Term: UPS and its union-Independent Pilots Association (IPA) have came up with a mutual agreement on cost reduction measures totaling up to approximately $131 million over the next 3 years. Secondly, UPS was awarded a 3 year partnership contract with the U.S. Postal Service by agreeing to transport mail nationally in U.S. cities. UPS would have to undertake an environmental scanning analysis in order to embark on geographical expansions and joint ventures. Furthermore, UPS needs to address the issue on human resource planning, demand forecasting that are useful in sales planning, production planning, capacity planning, budgeting and analysing various operating plans. Long Term: UPS has to address its branding strategy to build their reputation for public awareness. Therefore, it has done this by changing its 4th logo in 2003 to a more robust and distinctive image. UPS has also been moving out of the U.S. market by geographically expanding in China, India and the Middle East. The recent failed Nigerian terrorism plane attack has led to the U.S. authorities to impose heightened stringent checks and changing security procedures. In addition, the recent Haiti earthquake has led to disruptions in services and operations. UPS needs to address these factors which implicate the financial health of the organisation. TOWS Matrix Internal Factors (IFAS) External Factors (EFAS) WT Strategies Forward integrate a training college in-house Reduce more overnight flight operations across countries Petrol bulk discounts ST Strategies Seismic monitoring efficiencies to track down potential earthquakes Divest from unpredictable fuel market Financial stability and branding to combat rivals Threats (T) T1 Governmental Regulations T2 Labour Union Pressure T3 Foreign Currency Fluctuations T4 Volatile Oil Prices T5 Terrorism and Natural Disasters Opportunities (O) O1 Geographic Expansions O2 Joint Ventures O3 Online Retailing O4 Growth in Globalisation O5 Strategic Alliances SO Strategies Diversify by tie ups with 3M Faber-Castell Telco postal concessions (e.g. Singtel) Strategic alliance with the Chinese market to boost regional branding WO Strategies Geographically expand UPS by focusing on its resources capabilities Leveraging on E-commerce growth Joint venture with Oracle Corporation Weaknesses (W) W1 Low Employee Output W2 Domestic Market Dependency W3 High Operating Costs W4 Poor Delivery Service W5 High Reliance on Information Systems Strengths (S) S1 Reputable Branding S2 Broad Service Variety S3 Technology Expertise S4 Financial Growth S5 Merger Acquisition SO Strategies: UPS could diversify its resources and collaborate with reputable stationary companies like 3M and Faber-Castell to manufacture stationary that would embody the UPS brand. The firm could also move into a joint venture to offer postal concessions to Singtel and attain guaranteed high volume businesses in a long-termed contract. In addition, UPS could penetrate deeper into the Chinese market, by a strategic alliance with Air China Cargo Co., Limited to share valuable resources and boost its regional standing. Finally, they should advertise aggressively by sponsoring more global events to gain a higher level of presence recognition especially from the Asian market. ST Strategies: UPS could work closely with the seismic monitoring governmental department agency (USGS) for vigilant signals and warnings for earthquakes. The firm could also divest more from the fuel segment and use solar energy panels instilled into vehicles during the day to reduce fuel prices. In addition, they could invest extensively in research and development to enhance fuel efficiency alternatives for its current fleet of vehicles. Finally, the firm could utlise its reputable branding to propose to EPA in implementing harsher fines to new competitors that does not comply environmental legislations. WO Strategies: UPS could add more and deeper distribution channels into several regions to cement its efficient operations. It could also utilise its telematics expertise on other countries, to leverage on its core competencies. In addition, collaborate with Amazon.com and E-bay to acquire delivery orders on a long-termed basis. Oracle and UPS could have a joint venture to provide database management systems solutions towards its supple chain management operations. At the same time, UPS could be designated as the sole distributor for Oracles packaging and hardware components delivery interdependently. WT Strategies: UPS could invest by forward integrating a training arm subsidiary to offer aeronautical, logistics, supply chain and automotive courses to groom outstanding performing employees by bonding them and fully sponsoring their educational fees to encourage them to stay in the organisation for a long-termed basis. This would avoid labour issues, improve customer service and reduce hiring costs. UPS could also reduce significantly its overnight flights in different countries to reduce expenditure. Lastly, the firm could source for a wider range of suppliers internationally to achieve greater fuel bulk discounts. Assessment of Performance of Company Efficiency: Chinas export business has commercially grown by 10% in the export business. Shanghais air cargo hub operates at a 24/7 customs inspection capacity to deliver services from China connecting into international markets like U.S. and Europe faster. UPS also collaborated with the Shanghai customs to implement a risk management system to allow lower level of redundant packaging checks and an efficient clearance to recipients. DHL outsourcing would be an advantage for UPS as this move reduces competitors. Furthermore, UPS has an extensive excess flight capacity to accommodate more package volume to achieve a higher capacity utilisation level. Effectiveness: With the growth of e-commerce and export initiatives from the booming Chinese market, UPSs new air hub expansion in Shanghai would facilitate the Yangtze River Delta area international trade revenue driver as it contributes approximately 40% of total countrys business

Chipotle Mexican Grill Essay

Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc. is a chain of restaurants located in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and France, specializing in burritos and tacos. Its name derives from chipotle, the Mexican Spanish name for a smoked and dried jalapeno chili pepper. The restaurant is known for its large burritos, assembly-line production and use of natural ingredients. The company has released a mission statement called Food with Integrity, which highlights its efforts in using organic ingredients,[3] and serves more naturally raised meat than any other restaurant chain. Chipotle is one of the first chains of fast casual dining establishments. Founded by Steve Ells in 1993, Chipotle had 16 restaurants (all in Colorado) when McDonald’s Corporation became a major investor in 1998. By the time McDonald’s fully divested itself from Chipotle in 2006, the chain had grown to over 500 locations. With more than 1400 locations in 43 U. S. states, Washington, D. C. , two Canadian provinces, the United Kingdom, and France, Chipotle had a net income in 2012 of US$278 million and a staff of 37,310 employees. Chipotle Mexican Grill in 2012 2012 has been the year of Chipotle Mexican Grill (CMG -0. 92%). The stock is an absolute superstar, hitting 37 new record highs so far, according to CNBC. -When the company went public in January 2006, the stock doubled on its first day from $22 per share to close at $44 per share. – At late of Febuary 2012, Chipotle’s stock price had climbed to $380-$385,up more than 80% since january 1,2011 and up 334% since january. – Chipotle shares traded at $421. 37 Mar 27, and are up nearly 26% this year. Over the last 12 months, the stock has gained 65%. Chipotle’s run has obviously been the subject of much chatter among investors. Why is this stock so high, and how much further can it go? Many investors think that Chipotle’s numbers are just headed up, and the stock has room to grow as well. Chipotle’s growth is mentioned with the launch of ShopHouse, the Asian-themed restaurant the company has opened in Washington D. C. ShopHouse has been wildly popular with little to no advertising. The success had opened up the possibility that Chipotle could very well strike gold a second time. The company isn’t saying much about whether it will expand ShopHouse, but investors are certainly pricing the idea into Chipotle shares. Chipotle has no debt and about $400 million in cash, according to Seeking Alpha. And Chipotle is in that best-of-both worlds position because it can compete directly with fast food, but also stand up against more upscale restaurants, such as Panera Bread (PNRA -1. 01%). Finally, Chipotle is gunning for international expansion, recently opening new locations in London and planning one for Paris.

College is not for Everyone Essay

Where is the fault in a person who discovers their dreams prior to their collegiate degree? The reason behind people taking tertiary education is to have a firmer background when undertaking future tasks. Simply saying, college is to help a person retain a focus until and beyond graduation. There are privileges in having a college degree. One of which is to ease the search of finding jobs. Another is that the specialization courses broaden the perspective of a student. There are also emotional and social benefits along with the diploma. The best of these is to have the bragging rights that he or she graduated with a degree, perhaps with honors. Unfortunately, this can only get a person so far. At least, realistically, in this day and age, wherein employment is a task in itself and the economy is not even as helpful. What is required today is practicality in everything one does. One of the biggest issues in mind is when college is a logical solution to the seemingly impoverished country. Education is the key, as the cliche goes. But is education only attained within the four walls and high ceilings of a school? I would like to believe differently. For all those who are taking up their college degrees, and for those who are living the â€Å"bums† life, always reconsider if college is truly the best option for you. For a lot of people, perhaps it is. But the same is not always true for everyone. The reason behind this claim is that there are certain individuals who cannot take in all the class lessons unless practically applied. A person may need guidance in the real world, but the guidance does not always come from a person with a higher educational attainment and a certificate that affirms that. Practicality is the new realistic approach to any person’s lifestyle today. It is about efficiency. This means fewer costs for greater productivity. With this in mind, and the argument at hand, college is not for everyone. To support this point, it is important that one recognizes three important reasons. For certain individuals, college is a waste of time. It is a waste of money. It is a waste of a viable dream. A regular degree will take a person more or less three years, depending on the school, before the diploma is handed over. That is, of course, if the student is deserving to be handed one in the first place. The years a student takes and endures to receive a sheet of paper that tells them that they are worth hiring can be a very tiring task for a lot of people. This is most important to those who are not happy where they are. Some students, who have had dreams to build a small business before progressing it to become big enough to make them rich, are usually those who are persuaded or inwardly forced to go into college by their parents. True, there are high expectations. But there is also the cliche that people love saying: This is my life. This is not to say that students should speak back to their parents, especially if it is unjustifiable. It is standing firm when what you believe in is the real thing for you. After your graduation, the usual jobs you would get is most likely related to your training. But that could very much make you unhappy. For four years, you could have been doing what you like the most and reaping income from it. A little support from your parents would not have been bad either. But after graduating a course you do not have your heart into, after all those years of surpassing the challenges of faculties and family members, you might not find the prize worth the effort. When attending college, they would always say that you are receiving quality education. That is almost the same as saying that you should be as intellectual as the value you pay professors and mentors to stand by your side and guide you through those grueling hours. Unfortunately, the connotation behind quality does not always go through both directions. The teacher might have been a doctorate holder, but could not teach well. There are also instances where in the student simply did not understand. The teaching skills did not match the learning skills. With that, money is wasted. â€Å"Quality Education† no longer comes cheaply. The amount that could have been rendered to more important needs such as food, bills, and rent went to an institution, and not the intellectual capacity of a student. Not that he or she immediately needs one. There are students who are really gifted with their respective needs that they are better off without the formal education. Informal education comes cheaper and more hands-on, which more likely allows a person to learn. Theories will not aid a student unless there is a visible application of all the lessons. Memorization will only bombard many terminologies into a student that he or she may never use again. If you really do not have your heart into what you are doing, then it is a total waste to begin with. The money, as they say, will go down the drain. It is not just about having your heart into what you are doing, but also having what you are doing in your heart. You have to love what you are doing to enjoy it, and to feel a sense of achievement. There will be a sense of pride in exchange of doubts and regrets. When what you want comes from the heart, that dream could not be wrong. The sentimentality could not go wrong. If you are happy about it, and that others are not hurt by it, then it is not wrong. If in your heart, you believe that college is really something that is not for you, then there are other alternatives. You can prove those who think otherwise that you can make a living without the formal education or the diploma at the end of it all. If there is something that you would want to do, and you have the determination to see it through, then stopping you would only suppress you. Simultaneously, it is a call for an inevitable failure, and nobody wants to fail where their heart lies. If you want art, go take short course. You can also learn by self study and participation in art groups. If you want to sing, take lessons. But also have something on the side. It is important to broaden your options, but to remain at a focal point. It can be more difficult to work without a degree. But if you really want to become rich, whichever avenue you choose to get there, you will. It does not have to involve a college degree. College might not be for you. It is not as if you are a lesser person than those who received their diplomas the long extensive way. You can think about it as accelerating through those years that you can work, earn and become rich without all that. It is not as if it is something to be embarrassed about. It is to save time, money and heart. As philosophers say, it simply is. I say immerse yourself.

Causes And Treatment Of Chronic Disease - 1077 Words

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People with diabetes have high blood sugar because their bodies do not produce enough insulin, are not responsive to insulin, and a combi nation of both Type-2 diabetes is extremely common. The Centers for Disease Control and prevention (CDC) estimates that over 29 million children and adults in the United States have some form of diabetes. That is about 9 percent of the population. The vast majority of these people have type-2 diabetes. Type-2 diabetes is often preventable some of the risk factors for it are obesity, sedentary lifestyle, old age, family history of diabetes, history of gestational diabetes, and race or ethnicity. SoShow MoreRelatedChronic Respiratory Diseases ( Crd )1147 Words   |  5 Pagespaper will look into various aspects of chronic respiratory diseases (CRD). It will look at the prevalence of CRD in both Australia and China and the factors affecting both countries. 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