Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy Health And Social Care Essay

In the United Kingdom, about one million post-menopausal adult females use oestrogen entirely or in combination with progestogen, as portion of endocrine replacing therapy ( HRT ) , to handle the symptoms of the climacteric ( WHC, 2010 ) . HRT first became available to adult females in the United Kingdom in 1965 ( Patient UK, 2010 ) , and was traditionally prescribed for its ability to cut down vasomotor symptoms, and its preventive effects against the development of postmenopausal osteoporosis and cardiovascular bosom disease ( WHC, 2010 ) . During 2002 and 2003, two of the biggest epidemiological surveies on HRT, Million Women Study ( an experimental questionnaire ) in the UK and Women ‘s Health Initiative survey ( a clinical randomised test ) in the USA were published. Their consequences presented concerns sing the safety of traditional HRT ; peculiarly in respects to its associated hazards to the cardiovascular system and chest malignant neoplastic disease as a consequence of drawn-out use ( WHI, 2002 ; MWS, 2003 ) . The complicated image presented of the hazards and benefits of HRT has received a considerable sum of scientific and public attending, fuelling wellness anxiousness amongst medical professionals and HRT users likewise. During the period of 2003 and 2007 the figure of adult females utilizing HRT fell by 66 % ( WHC, 2010 ) . This paper presents a reappraisal of scientific literature on the efficaciousness of HRT in the direction of menopausal symptoms and assesses the proficiency of its non-hormonal options.Why a Menopause?At birth, the human ovary contains 1 to 3 – 106 Graafian follicles, with no new gametes formed after this clip ( Kim et al, 1997 ) . This figure regresses to less than 1 – 104 at the clip of climacteric ( physiology text book ) . Menopause is described as a province of oestrogen lack that is brought approximately by the loss of aboriginal follicles in the ovaries doing a failure in oestrogenic end product ( Greendale and Sowers, 1997 ) . Throughout the generative lifetime, ovarian follicles become bit by bit desensitized to gonadtrophin exposure ( physiology text book ) . This leads to the loss of progestin production and a pronounced diminution in endogenous oestrogen degrees ( Greendale and Sowers, 1997 ) .EpidemiologyHarmonizing to the office of National Statistics 2009 figures, there are about 37.8 million adult females in the UK, of whom 13.6 million are aged 45 or over ( ONS, 2010a ) . Statistics indicates that 52 is the mean age of menopausal onset ( NHS Choices, 2010 ) , and so most of these adult females will be in or shortly come ining the post-menopausal province. The current life-expectancy for a new-born miss is 81.9 old ages ( ONS, 2010b ) . Womans can therefore anticipate to populate a 3rd of their lives in a possible oestrogen deficient province ( Howard et al, 1981 ) . Womans are considered to hold reached the climacteric, after a 12 month period of amenorrhoea ( Green dale and Sowers, 1997 ) . The concluding menstruations is so retrospectively designated as the clip of climacteric ; the clip predating this is post-maturity ( Greendale and Sowers, 1997 ) . The climacteric is associated with a assortment of physical and psychological symptoms ( Porter et al, 1996 ) , where vasomotor instability and urogenital wasting are the most normally documented short-run post-menopausal symptoms. Approximately, 75 % to 80 % of all adult females normally experience their first symptoms of the climacteric during the peri-menopausal period ( Bachmann, 1999 ) ; of whom 45 % of adult females will happen the symptoms straitening ( RCPE, 2003 ) .The climacteric in the long-run increases the hazard for the development of cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis ( Iqbal and Zaidi ) ; this is due to the physiological effects caused by the worsening degrees of estrogens in the bosom, liver, encephalon and bone ( Katzenellenbogen, 1996 ) .Vasomotor SymptomsThe vasomotor s ymptoms of the climacteric, ( for illustration hot flowers, dark workout suits, insomnia and palpitations ) ( Howard et al, 1981 ) are the most common ground why menopausal adult females seek medical aid ( Howard et al, 1981 ) . Three quarters of peri-menopausal adult females will see hot flowers ( Howard et al, 1981 ) , where symptoms are normally observed within the first twelvemonth after the concluding menstruations ( Rees and Purdie, 2006 ) . Hot flushes characteristically last between 0.5 and 5.0 old ages after natural climacteric ( Bachmann, 1999 ) , but in 25 % to 50 % of instances can last longer than 5 old ages ( Howard et al, 1981 ) . The frequence of hot flash happenings and its continuance can change from less than daily to several per hr with continuances between a few seconds to 10 proceedingss long ; nevertheless on mean hot flower episodes lasts for around four proceedingss ( Patient UK, 2010 ) . The etiology behind vasomotor symptoms is ill-defined, but it is thoug ht to be due to a combination of hormonal, metabolic, and psychogenetic factors which occur as a consequence of oestrogen backdown ( Bachmann, 1999 ) . In 1986, Sliva et al conducted a survey on rats and established the action of oestrogen in the preoptic country of the hypothalamus, here it was found to modulate the firing rate of thermosensitive nerve cells in response to stimulation. Surveies have shown that oestrogen appears to heighten ?2-adrenergic inhibitory activity ( Bachmann, 1999 ) .Women with hot flowers have higher arteriole sensitiveness to catecholamines ( Bachmann, 1999 ) .The decrease in ?2-adrenergic receptor activity leads to sudden, transient and fickle peripheral vasodilatation in the tegument blood vass, which produces the hot flower ( Bachmann, 1999 ) . Night workout suits ( sleep hyperidrosis ) , is a common job accompaniment with day-time hot flowers ( Porter et al, 1996 ) . Hot flowers and sleep hyperhidrosus can hold a Domino consequence on a patient ‘s overall quality of life ( Bachmann, 1999 ) , as a consequence of weariness, crossness, hapless concentration, and impaired memory ( Porter et al, 1996 ) .Vasomotor TherapyNumerous surveies have documented the effectivity of short-run oestrogen therapy in handling the frequence and badness of hot flowers and dark workout suits caused by climacteric. For illustration, Haas et Al ‘s 2003 double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled survey on 18 menopausal adult females reported that there was no immediate decrease in vasomotor symptoms after induction of oestrogen therapy ( Figure 2 ) . At first both placebo and oestradiol reduced the figure of hot flowers by 27 % and 35 % , severally. The initial placebo consequence, nevertheless, was non sustained throughout the surv ey. In contrast, those patients treated with oestradiol continued to detect a lessening in the figure of hot flowers per hebdomad, until a 74 % maximum decrease was reached after 4 hebdomads of therapy. The frequence of hot flowers fluctuated somewhat at that degree until the terminal 2 hebdomads when the placebo-only period was initiated ( see figure 2 ) . These findings were reiterated in MacLennan at Al ‘s 2004 scientific reappraisal of 24 double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled tests, which assessed unwritten HRT therapy. Consequences demonstrated in nine RCTs, showed a average per centum decrease of about 75 % comparative to placebo in hebdomadal hot flower frequence ( p & A ; lt ; 0.0001 ) correlating to Hass at al earlier 74 % decrease for hebdomadal hot flower episodes for HRT. In adult females randomised to have placebo intervention, a 57.7 % decrease in hot flush frequence was observed by the terminal of the survey. Eight RCTs, found that symptom badness of th ose treated with HRT was besides significantly reduced compared to placebo ( P & A ; lt ; 0.0001 ) . A direct comparing of the effectivity of combined HRT versus oestrogen merely HRT was attempted but did non make statistical significance ( p value = 0.085 ) . There is a little sum of dependable grounds available to rede the continuance of usage for the intervention of vasomotor symptoms. Clinical Knowledge Summaries ( 2010 ) recommend the prescription of uninterrupted combined unwritten or transdermic HRT, for the direction of hot flowers. Treatment for vasomotor symptoms should be continued for at least one twelvemonth ; otherwise, symptoms may repeat ( Rees and Purdie, 2006 ) . This was observed in Haas et Al survey where, during the 2 hebdomad placebo merely period ; the frequence of hot flowers began to return to baseline degrees in the group having oestradiol ( see figure 1 ) . A progressive backdown from intervention therefore is advisable. This is achieved by bit by bit cut downing uninterrupted combined HRT dosage to the lowest strength of tablets or spots, whereby half a tablet day-to-day or half a spot should be used for a farther 1-2 months ( Rees and Purdie, 2006 ) . Menopausal symptoms normally decide within 2-5 old ages ( RC PE, 2003 ) ; the consequence of uninterrupted combined HRT can be sustained for up to three old ages during disposal where, apart from shed blooding, side-effects are non normally reported ( Maclennan et al, 2004 ; Henriksson et Al, 1996 ) . Current research has confirmed the efficaciousness of oestrogen, combined or entirely, in bettering hot flowers and dark workout suits, as its effects are strong. However, farther research is required to distinguish whether combinations of low dose oestrogen and progestin may accomplish the tantamount consequence of a higher dosage of oestrogen when used entirely.Figure 1: Summarises the entire figure of Hot flowers recorded by patients on transdermic estradiol ( N = 10 ) and placebo ( N = 8, foremost seven hebdomad ; N=7, last five hebdomads ) each hebdomad ( adapted from Haas et Al, 1988 ; Bachmann, 1999 )Pre-treatment stage: A 4-week pre-treatment period during which capable eligibility of menopausal position was confirmed. Treatment stage: An active 6 hebdomad survey stage, during which the happenings of Hot flowers between 0.05 mg/ dm3 transdermic estradiol was compared against placebo. Estradiol showed to be well more effectual than placebo in cut downing vasomotor flowers during hebdomads 6 to 10. Placebo stage: Two hebdomad period where patients continued to supervise symptoms while single-blindedly utilizing a placebo spot. An addition in vasomotor flushing towards baseline was observed in estradiol-treated patients.Urogenital AtrophyThe surcease of the catamenial rhythm, consequences non merely in the conventional hot flowers observed in diagnostic menopausal adult females but besides causes alterations to the functional capacity of the urogenital piece of land ( Samsioe, 1995 ) . Urinary incontinency, recurrent lower piece of land infections, vaginal uncomfortableness, dyspareunia, and shed blooding are all symptoms of atrophic vaginitis ( Howard et al, 1981 ; Bachmann and Nevadunsky, 2000 ) . These symptoms occur as a consequence of atrophic alterations caused as a effect of a gradual diminution in go arounding estrogens ( See figure 3a ) . Once degrees fall below the threshold where endometrial proliferation is possible, the vaginal canal begins shortening and there is a loss of rugae in the vaginal wall ( DeMasters J, 2000 ) . The urinary piece of land symptoms observed is a consequence of the urethra and vagina sharing the same embryologic beginning ( Howard et al, 1981 ) . Vaginal symptoms, unlike hot flowers often persist and can worsen with age ( Grady, 2006 ) . In a 2006 survey of the Management of menopausal symptoms, Grady reported up to 30 % prevalence of atrophic vaginitis symptoms amongst adult females during the early postmenopausal period with an in addition to 47 % prevalence during the ulterior postmenopausal period ( Grady, 2006 ) . During the climacteric, the vaginal wall musculuss deteriorate to bring forth a thin, unsmooth, inflamed mucous membrane susceptible both to bacterial infections and petechial hemorrhage caused by mechanical emphasis ( Samsioe, 1995 ) . The destructive effects caused by the diminution in oestrogen degrees are most outstanding in the fundal part of the vagina ( Samsioe, 1995 ) . Hormonal alterations induced by the climacteric, actuate metabolism in the bacterial vegetation and pH of the vagina ( Samsioe, 1995 ) . Before the climacteric the vagina is colonized by lactobacilli which maintain a low vaginal pH, by and large 4.5 or less ( Brizzolara et al, 1999 ) , bring forthing a protective environment aga inst the colonisation of the vagina and urethral tissue by Gram-negative bacteriums ( Samsioe, 1995 ) . After the climacteric lactobilli becomes replaced by faecal-type vegetations which cause postmenopausal adult females to go prone to urinary piece of land infection ( see figure 3b ) . The symptoms of urogenital degeneracy can be categorised into two groups: 1 ) Lower urinary piece of land – for symptoms affecting the urethra and bladder 2 ) Vaginal – for those confined to the vagina and the vulva such as vaginal waterlessness, combustion and itchiness ( Samsioe, 1995 ) . The prevalence of urologic symptoms ‘ ( including urgency, frequence, dysuria, and incontinency ) is a job which increases in badness with age ( Grady, 2006 ) ; this nevertheless can be farther insinuated by the wasting of the urethral mucous membrane caused during the menopausal passage ( Molander, 1990 ) . In postmenopausal adult females, the control of urination becomes progressively reliant on the support of the urogential musculuss to urethrovesical junction, due to widening of the urethra ( Samsioe, 1995 ) . The decrease in oestrogen degrees consequences in the deficient blood supply to the urogenital tissues and hence impedes full muscular functionality ( Molander, 1990 ) . Poor anatomical support to the urethra consequences in the uneffective control of urination ; which consequences in pelvic laxness and emphasis incontinency ( Samsioe, 1995 ) . The diminution in go arounding blood in urogential tissues means there will besides be an damage in the immune system antibod y response to foreign organic structures ( Molander, 1990 ) ; this in add-on to the broadening of the urethra, facilitates the migration of bacteriums into the lower urinary piece of land ( Samsioe, 1995 ) .Pre-menopauseFigure 3a and 3b: Summaries the alterations in the vaginal and urethra observed as the influence of oestrogen lessenings ( adapted from Samsioe, 2005 ; Brizzolara et Al, 1999 )Figure 3a: The diminution in serum oestrogen degree causes a lessening in vaginal blood flow and secernments. As a consequence, lactic acid degrees and animal starch content of the vaginal wall decreases, this causes the hyalinisation of collagen and the impairment of elastic tissue. Atrophy of the vaginal tissues nevertheless, does non get down until endogenously produced estrogens have fallen below the threshold required for endometrial proliferative activity. Therefore the clip period between the start of climacteric and the start of wasting opens a curative window. This has allowed the poss ibility for drugs to be able to aim urogenital wasting without put on the lining endometrial proliferation which can ensue in malignant neoplastic disease, extinguishing the demand for progestin co-medicationFigure 3b: The conventional drawings represent the pre and post-menopausal urethral opening and vaginal wall. The pH of vaginal fluid in postmenopausal adult females elevates to between 6 and 7 ; this facilitates the replacing of lactobacillae with gram negative source vegetations associated with urinary piece of land infection. In healthy vaginal epithelial tissue, parabasal cells are rare and normally represent less than 5 % of the epithelial cell population, this per centum increases to around 20 % after the climacteric.Post-maturityUrogential TreatmentSurveies have shown that estrogens, administered as systemic ( unwritten or transdermic ) or intravaginal estrogens, are extremely effectual at handling vaginal wasting. It is recommended that estrogens, when prescribed with th e purpose of pull offing urogenital symptoms, are given as low-dose readyings to assist understate systemic soaking up ( Grady, 2006 ) : this prevents the additions in oestrogen endogenous degrees that could potentially do estrogenic side effects. When HRT is used at the recommended low-dose and frequence, the add-on of a progestogen for endometrial protection is non necessary ( Figure 3a ) . The physiological alterations that consequences in the decrease of urogenital symptoms observed in oestrogen therapy, suggest that oestrogen lack may lend to this pathogenesis ( Samsioe, 1995 ) . The clinical efficaciousness of low-dose HRT readyings have been demonstrated in a figure of clinical tests. Barnabei et Al followed the menopausal symptoms and the effects of oestrogen and progestogen in the postmenopausal adult females, involved in the Women ‘s Health Initiative for a mean of 5.6 old ages. The consequences from the survey showed a 74 % decrease in vaginal wasting in adult femal es who had received oestrogen plus progestin and 55 % in those who had received placebo entirely. Intravaginal estrogens are besides extremely effectual at handling vaginal wasting ; Suckling et al Cochrane reappraisal found that all intravaginal readyings ( that were administered as picks, diaphragms, intravaginal tablets or the estradiol-releasing vaginal ring ) were every bit effectual and significantly reduced the symptoms of vaginal wasting. It is for this ground and that they by and large have small consequence on the serum oestrogen degrees that intravaginal oestrogens readyings are preferred to systemic oestrogen ( Suckling et al, 2006 ) . Surveies have besides shown that HRT is effectual in forestalling urinary piece of land infections. Cardozo et Al ‘s 1998 survey found that there was a important decrease in the incidences of urinary piece of land infection in adult females who had been treated with systemic oestrogen than those given placebo. Although several positi ons have compared many of the interventions for vaginal wasting, the long-run effects of intervention have non yet been expeditiously examined. Recommendations by regulative governments will hence be more accurate if intervention was assessed over a drawn-out period, such as one to five old ages, so that the unwanted responses to intervention can be farther examined.Menopause induced OsteoporosisOsteoporosis, the most damaging side-effect to wellness associated with the climacteric ( Samsioe, 1995 ) , is a skeletal disease characterised by a lessening in bone denseness and mass ( Howard et al, 1981 ) . The skeleton comprises compact and trabeculate bone ( Kanis, 1996 ) . In the healthy grownup, bone mass is comparatively changeless, this is despite there being considerable bone turnover, of which about 95 % of this is accounted for by the remodelling of bone ( Kanis, 1996 ) . This procedure is altered after the climacteric, where there is a period of rapid bone loss that lasts betwe en 5 to 10 old ages ( Kanis, 1996 ) . This consequences in a negative remodelling instability ( Kanis, 1996 ) . Bone mass reaches its extremum between the ages 30 and 35, after this extremum, bone mass declines at a rate of 1 % per twelvemonth ( Samsioe, 1995 ) . The rate of diminution can lift up to 6 % at the climacteric and history for a loss of a 3rd of bone mass ( Samsioe, 1995 ) , after the perimenopausal period the one-year rate of bone loss returns to the 1 % ( Samsioe, 1995 ) . There is besides grounds that there is an addition in osteoclastic activity ( Kanis, 1996 ) , where high circulating FSH induces increases osteoclast-mediated bone reabsorption which exceeds the formation of new bone ( Samsioe, 1995 ) . Both of these factors in concurrence consequences in the addition bone turnover and porousness that causes the loss of the trabeculate bone model and the cutting of the cerebral mantles ( Kanis, 1996 ; Samsioe, 1995 ) . This pathological procedure finally concludes wi th the break in the bone micro-architecture, which leads to the brickle castanetss that are more susceptible to break ( Kanis, 1996 ) . Womans have a higher cumulative life-time hazard for enduring from osteoporotic breaks about three times greater than in work forces ( Kanis, 1996 ) ; with 50 % of adult females and 20 % of work forces, over the age of 50, enduring from a break. The three most common sites of osteoporotic breaks are the distal radius, the vertebral organic structure and the upper thighbone ( Howard et al, 1981 ; Samsioe, 1995 ) . Hip break is a important cause of mortality and morbidity, where one in four adult females will non last the first twelvemonth following this break ( Samsioe, 1995 ) . Several surveies indicate that early oestrogen therapy intercession can detain or forestall bone loss at the climacteric, nevertheless, grounds back uping the continuation of the good effects after discontinuance remain debatable. A reappraisal by Bagger et Al in 2004, found there was a 4-fold increased hazard of breaks in adult females having placebo than HRT. From this consequence it was concluded that short-run oestrogen replacing therapy initiated in the early postmenopausal phases, can accomplish durable benefits to the skeletal system, in footings of the saving of bone mass and important decreases in the hazard osteoporotic breaks. However another survey by Yates et Al, found grounds that postmenopausal adult females who have discontinued HRT within the past 5 old ages have a hazard for hip break that was similar to adult females who have ne'er used HRT. The latter survey nevertheless has restrictions and is hence non conclusive. Womans who responded to the study tended to be y ounger and better educated about the importance of good wellness than the non-responders ( WHC, 2010 ) . Furthermore, it must besides be taken into consideration that the hazard of osteoporosis additions with increasing age and weight. HRT as a consequence would hold a greater decrease potency in the incidences of hip break in older adult females than in younger adult females. Therefore future surveies will necessitate to be adjusted to take into history these act uponing factors.The findings from the WHI and MWSThe possible relationship between the loss of ovarian map and development of Cardiovascular Disease ( CVD ) has been substantiated by legion case-controlled and laboratory surveies carried out since the 1980s ( Iqbal and Zaidi 2009 ) . These surveies demonstrated the protective effects of estrogens on the cardiovascular system ( Mendelsohn and Karas, 2002 ) ; which encourage the production of lipid profiles that cause vascular distension, prevents coronary artery disease and augmentation of endothelial fix after harm ( Mendelsohn and Karas, 2002 ) . After the oncoming of climacteric, degrees of estrogens begin to equilibrate to that of age-matched work forces ( Iqbal and Zaidi 2009 ) . Up until 2002, HRT was established as the most effectual signifier of intervention when bettering menopausal symptoms. However this was challenged by the publication of the preliminary findings of the WHI and MWS survey, which found the benefits of HRT on CVD to no longer be important when the other possible wellness jeopardies were taken into consideration ( WHI, 2002 ; MWS, 2003 ) . For illustration that the usage of oestrogen, with or without Lipo-Lutin, was found to be associated with an increased hazard for the development of certain signifiers of malignant neoplastic disease ( such as chest, ovarian and uterine malignant neoplastic disease ) ; this hazard was substantiated farther by drawn-out use ( WHI, 2002 ; MWS, 2003 ) . Findingss from the WHI, oestrogen plus p rogestin, test besides indicated that HRT could increase the hazard of CVD, which can take to shots and venous thromboemoblism ( WHI, 2002 ) . The WHI, oestrogen plus progestin, test published in 2002 monitored and compared the HRT related consequence on CVD and other facets of adult females ‘s wellness to that of placebo, in 16, 608 adult females in the United States aged 50 to 79 from 1993 to 2002. Around 50 % of the take parting adult females were randomised to take combined oestrogen and 50 % to take a placebo. The survey ended three old ages premature after the antecedently specified bound for chest malignant neoplastic disease instances, set by the WHI Data and Safety Monitoring Board was exceeded and overall hazards were considered to outweigh benefits. The preliminary findings showed a decreased in the hazard of osteoporotic breaks and colorectal malignant neoplastic disease ( Nelson et al, 2002 ; WHI, 2002 ) , but besides found a little addition in the incidences of coronary events, shot, chest malignant neoplastic disease and venous thromboembolism ( Nelson et al, 2002 ; WHI, 2002 ) . A subsequent reappraisa l of the findings from the WHI Study in 2004, adjusted for other act uponing factors, found different consequences where the apparent higher hazard for chest malignant neoplastic disease appear to be caused by natural factors instead than to HRT ( WHC, 2010 ) . When age was taken into history analysis showed that younger adult females get downing HRT may really be protected in some wellness facets ( WHC, 2010 ) . However those get downing on HRT over 70 did non hold the same benefits and alternatively were vulnerable to certain wellness hazards, nevertheless, this may be due to the associated hazard factors increasing with age.The Million Women Study was conducted from 1996 to 2001, analysed the hazard of chest malignant neoplastic disease and other adult females wellness issues in one million adult females taking HRT in the UK, and compared findings with that received from a sum of 828,923 adult females who were non-users: All take parting adult females were over 50 old ages old. F indingss published in 2003 found a little addition in the hazard of chest, endometrial and ovarian malignant neoplastic disease when oestrogen-only HRT was used. Combined HRT was found to hold a greater addition in the hazard of chest malignant neoplastic disease but was able to cut down the hazard of endometrial malignant neoplastic disease, when compared with oestrogen-only HRT. It was besides established that the hazard of chest malignant neoplastic disease is increased the longer HRT is used ; where the extra hazard for chest malignant neoplastic disease declined to that of ne'er users when intervention ended.Restriction of the surveiesWomen ‘s Health InitiativeThe WHI survey, merely considered the dosage of 0.625 milligram of conjugated equid estrogens and 2.5 milligram Provera acetate each twenty-four hours ; whilst this dose was appropriate for younger menopausal adult females get downing HRT, it was considered by many experts to transcend the sum required for older adu lt females ( Howard et al, 1981 ) . The specification for the adult females in the WHI survey differs from adult females in the MWS. Women in the WHI survey tended to be older ( mean age 63.2 ) than the adult females in MWS ( mean age 56 ) ( MWS, 2003 ) . Therefore two-thirds of adult females in WHI were over the age of 60 and hence had a higher absolute hazard of bosom disease, shot and chest malignant neoplastic disease ( all of which increases with age ) . The mean BMI for adult females in the survey is 28.5, therefore a big proportion of adult females in the survey are overweight and were hence predisposed to bosom disease and certain malignant neoplastic diseases.Million Women StudyThe methodological analysis of MWS has been criticised: Unlike the survey by the WHI, the MWS was non a randomised controlled test. The consequences were based on a self-reporting study where adult females chose whether or non to take HRT. Furthermore the adult females in the MWS were already holding a mammogram so may already hold been at a higher hazard for malignant neoplastic disease e.g. they may hold already suspected a ball. The adult females were followed-up by studies from national malignant neoplastic disease registers, non by subsequent questionnaires, so alternations in HRT usage after initial enrollment were non recorded. Both the surveies analysed the hazard of ovarian malignant neoplastic disease in the long-run surveies and were non meant to turn to the shorter-term usage of HT. Thus, the information from these surveies should be used by adult females sing usage of HT for longer than 3 or 4 old ages.Options to HRTTibolone is a selective oestrogen receptor modulator ( SERM ) , which possesses oestrogenic, progestogenic and androgenic features ( Nelson, 2008 ) . Tibolone is effectual at handling vasomotor symptoms and bettering sexual operation and may be used as an option to combined HRT in post-menopausal adult females ( Nelson, 2008 ; Roberts, 2007 ) . In adult females under 60, the hazards of taking tibolone are tantamount to that of combined HRT ( NHS Choices, 2009 ) . For adult females over 60, the associated hazards begin to outweigh the benefits, due to the increased hazard of chest malignant neoplastic disease, shot and endometrial malignant neoplastic disease ( NHS Choices, 2009 ) . Morris et Al ( 2006 ) conducted a clinical grounds reappraisal of seven RCTs, on the effects of tibolone on vasomotor and urogential symptoms. One test found that after 16 hebdomads of intervention, tibolone reduced vasomotor symptoms by 39 % compared with placebo ( p = 0.001 ) . However, two RCTs produced questionable consequences in respects to its efficaciousness when compared against traditional combined HRT. One test ( n=437 ) found that combined HRT when compared with tibolone, well reduced the frequence of hot flowers over 48 hebdomads ( p = 0.01 ) . However contradictory findings were found in another test of a smaller population ( n=235 ) , whe re no important difference in vasomotor symptoms between combined HRT and Tibolone was established at 52 hebdomads. Due to the rawness of findings another larger adjusted RCT should be conducted to clear up the effectivity of tibolone against combined HRT. Three tests were used to measure the efficaciousness of tibolone in the direction of urogenital symptoms. All of which concluded, with the understanding that tibolone significantly improved vaginal waterlessness, sexual desire and copulatory frequence compared to both placebo and combined HRT interventions. There is besides limited grounds to back up the usage of Catapres, Neurontin, paroxetine, Prozac, citalopram, and venlafaxine as effectual interventions hot flowers ( Nelson et al, 2006 ; Anderson and Redman, 2010 ) . The latest analysis of the hazards based on the findings from the MWS and WHI survey, has concluded with the following revised hazard estimations to help health care professionals appraisal of the hazards and benefits associated with HRT for single adult females:Cardiovascular Disease hazard:There is no addition in the hazard for CHD in adult females less than 10 old ages postmenopausal when given combined HRT ( Currie and Guttinger, 2007 ; Roberts, 2007 ) . Hysterectomised adult females taking oestrogen merely HRT besides showed no increased CHD hazard during the WHI test, alternatively the hazard for both appeared to worsen ( Currie and Guttinger, 2007 ) . However there us a little addition in hazard for adult females who were more than 10 old ages postmenopausal ( Currie and Guttinger, 2007 ) . The grounds to propose a cardiovascular benefit with oestrogen-only or combined HRT is hence weak ( CSM, 2004 ; MHRA and CHM, 2007 ) .Stroke hazardWHI found oestrogen-only and combined HRT increase the hazard of shot compared with placebo ( CSM, 200 ; MHRA and CHM, 2007 ) .Breast Cancer hazard:MWS indicated that a higher hazard of chest malignant neoplastic disease is associated with drawn-out usage ( CSM, 2004 ; MHRA and CHM, 2007 ) . For oestrogen entirely, the hazard is lower than combined HRT ( MHRA and CHM, 2007 ) . Some surveies on the other manus have non shown increased hazard when compared to those who had ne'er antecedently taken HRT ( MHRA and CHM, 2007 ) .Endometrial malignant neoplastic disease hazard:There is a little addition in the hazard of endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma with oestrogen-only HRT ; due proliferated effects of oestrogen ( Howard et al, 1981 ) . Oestrogen-only HRT is hence merely recommended for usage by adult females with a womb ( MHRA and CHM, 2007 ) . The add-on of a progestin every twenty-four hours significantly reduces the hazard ( CSM, 2004 ; MHRA and CHM, 2007 ) ; due to its endothelial protective belongings. So when used i n combination with oestrogen it can cut down the hazard of this malignant neoplastic disease to the baseline ( MHRA and CHM, 2007 ) .Ovarian malignant neoplastic disease hazard:Experimental surveies indicate that extended usage of HRT may correlate with a little increased hazard of ovarian malignant neoplastic disease ( CSM, 2004 ) , which returns to baseline a few old ages after halting intervention ( MHRA and CHM, 2007 ) .DecisionDespite the legion contraindications for HRT, they are still by and large regarded as the most effectual short-run intervention for patients enduring from menopausal symptoms, and are recognised for their preventive effects in the development of osteoporosis. The benefits nevertheless from long-run use remain debatable ; research suggests that the potency for inauspicious effects happening additions with age and drawn-out use. Clinical reappraisals hence recommend that HRT should be given cyclically ; utilizing the lowest effectual dosage for its indicate d symptom for the shortest possible clip. A reappraisal and appraisal of any alteration in the balance of hazards and benefits should be done yearly. Womans with moderate hot flowers, particularly those with contraindications or concerns about HRT may take to seek alternate therapies. Tibolone has proven good in the intervention of menopausal symptoms in younger adult females, although its usage in older adult females remains questionable due to the increased hazards to wellness. Surveies of climacteric are vast in figure, but deficient in what they discover. Nevertheless, their consequences inform the recommendations of medical professional administrations and influence criterions of pattern. Therefore an improved apprehension of the menopausal passage, its symptoms, and therapies is needed in order to unknot this epidemiological quandary and license a better conformity from patients towards intervention. This can be achieved by the reevaluating the hazards and benefits of HRT in d ouble blinded tests against a placebo or a validated therapy because of the ample placebo consequence observed in randomized controlled tests.

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Unit 3 – Sampling Type your Name Here American InterContinental University Abstract This is a single paragraph, no indentation is required. The next page will be an abstract; â€Å"a brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of the article; it allows the readers to survey the contents of an article quickly† (Publication Manual, 2010). The length of this abstract should be 35-50 words (2-3 sentences). NOTE: the abstract must be on page 2 and the body of the paper will begin on page 3. Introduction Remember to always indent the first line of a paragraph (use the tab key). The introduction should be short (2-3 sentences). The margins, font size, spacing, and font type (italics or plain) are set in APA format. While you may change the names of the headings and subheadings, do not change the font or style of font. Part 1: Survey Analysis: Entertainment Describe an entertainment poll or survey. Analyze the number of people who participated in the sample compared to the number in the population. (Be sure to cite the article which must be from ProQuest Newspapers) Discuss how the results of the survey can be used to tell a story or support an idea of the sponsoring company or media group. Part 1: Survey Analysis: Politics Describe a political poll or survey. Analyze the number of people who participated in the sample compared to the number in the population. (Be sure to cite the article which must be from ProQuest Newspapers) Discuss how the results of the survey can be used to tell a story or support an idea of the sponsoring company or media group. Part 1: Survey Analysis: General Opinion Describe a general opinion poll or survey. Analyze the number of people who participated in the sample compared to the number in the population. (Be sure to cite the article which must be from ProQuest Newspapers) Discuss how he results of the survey can be used to tell a story or support an idea of the sponsoring company or media group. Part 1: Overall Survey Analysis Consider the three surveys presented. Using the knowledge you learned from the textbook, compare and contrast the sample sizes in each of the three surveys mentioned in the post and determine if the samples sizes are appropriate. In your opinion, whi ch appears to be the most valid? (Cite and reference the textbook) This section of the paper will be 2-3 pages in length and each survey or poll described MUST come from AIU Library’s ProQuest Newspaper Database. Part 2: Application Create your own 3 question Entertainment or General Opinion Survey using http://www. zoomerang. com/basic/ or another free survey program or http://www. surveymonkey. com/. Secure a minimum of 20 responses. Your survey respondents may be friends, family or classmates. (NOTE: The small sample size was chosen for convenience and as you know is not a valid sample. The goal is for you to create, deploy and analyze a simple survey. ) Include a copy of your survey. This section of the paper will contain 1 page of text and 3 charts. Chart # 1 Provide charts of your results and describe those charts in words Description of Chart # 1 Provide charts of your results and describe those charts in words Chart # 2 Provide charts of your results and describe those charts in words Description of Chart # 2 Provide charts of your results and describe those charts in words Chart # 3 Provide charts of your results and describe those charts in words Description of Chart # 3 Provide charts of your results and describe those charts in words Part 2: Use of Results Explain how the results of your survey can be used by a media group or company. Conclusion Add some concluding remarks-can be a sentence or two. References NOTE: The reference list starts on a new page after your conclusion. For help with formatting citations and references using rules outlined in the APA Manual’s 6th Edition, please check out the AIU APA guide located under the Interactive Learning section on the left side of the course. Examples: American Psychological Association [APA]. (2010) Publication manual of the American Psychological association (6th ed. ). Washington, DC: Author. Association of Legal Writing Directors (ALWD) (2005). ALWD citation manual: A professional system of citation (3rd ed. ). New York: Aspen Publishers.

Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of diversity to a Coursework

Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of diversity to a multinational organisation, in a rapidly changing global market. Illustrate your answer with examples from business practice - Coursework Example research paper titled, â€Å"The Effects of Diversity on Business Performance: Report of the Diversity Research Network,† appears in the spring 2003 issue of Human Resource Management. After examining four Fortune 500 companies in depth, the researchers find that â€Å"a variety of contextual variables, including an organization’s culture, strategy and human resource practices, help to determine whether diversity boosts performance or drags it down.† (Kwak & Gwynne, 2003, p.1). Diversity in multinational organizations is a sensitive issue and thus needs to be handled efficiently through proper training of the workforce. Before adapting diversity in its system, every organization should understand the advantages and disadvantages of the same. Diversity in organization mainly occurs when people from different countries work together for that entity. Individuals have their own race and custom habits. Diversity can only be promoted in an organization if there are no clashing interests among different groups in the organization. When people from different culture work together then the organizations exists between different classes of society and thus assumes a global outlook. The organization can attain a global perspective when people from diverse regions and backgrounds work together. The organization becomes globally known when it adopts a diverse attitude. IBM is a very good example of a company which practices diversity in its organization. Because of its diverse operations the company is known world wide and has become a household name in all those countries. This gives the company a positive image. The talent pool that IBM has created over the years through its diverse venture is a proof of development due to diversi ty. The adoption of diversity in IBM has led to the minimizing racial and cultural differences and also in enhancing the company’s global image. Diversity in an organization increases its performance because the workforce being combination of

Current and Future State of Health Care Legislation Analysis Essay

Current and Future State of Health Care Legislation Analysis - Essay Example Americans should be given the autonomy of choice with regards to health care. The dignity and sovereignty of every American that wants to feel protected from a failing health care system can be maintained through this. This paper will examine the recent condition of the health care structure in the U.S., and how decision making can be influenced in the same sector. How is the current health care environment in the U.S.? Currently, the U.S. health care environment is taking a toll on health care consumers. They have to put up with increasing medical costs that do not necessarily make sense to them. The populous states have issues with the mode in which the health care structure is managed. This is because they think that the core business of most health care providers is to make a profit out of vulnerable individuals (Battistella, 2010). Everyone has to face the fact that, medical insurance companies are making a killing out of innocent people. People with not a lot of capital to thro w around and they are the vast majority. They are the insurance companies own cash cow, which intend to capitalise as much as they want. It, the health care environment, is failing and is now focused on survival. Many health care providers are trying to bring in new products and services to ensure they stay afloat in this sinking system. The introduction of these products and services means that, people are likely to pay more for things that are not necessarily out to benefit them (Battistella, 2010). New drugs with adverse side effects are brought into the market. Their approval is because someone must be paying an enormous amount of money to see their drug get through the market. This leads to another problem since corruption becomes rampant in this field while health care consumers become innocent victims. Greed is the cause of all this because nobody does it in the name of science. Another current affair in the health care environment is the upgrade in technology. Many private a nd public health care institutions have taken the time to advance in technology that helps in saving people’s lives. It may cost the organizations lots of capital, but the fruits of such investments are seen after some time. However, an upgrade in technology means that the health care consumer will have to pay more for services rendered. This puts the consumers at a particularly precarious position because they should have back-up from their government (Derickson, 2005). This is when it comes to matters concerning their health care. To protect consumers from such situations, the government regulates policies by insurance companies on health care consumers. However, not all is lost in this environment. Organizations are implementing strategies that assist in reducing the burden placed on health care consumers. By reducing back-office costs, health care providers are spending less capital in their organizations. At the same time, they offer better service levels to the consumer s. They advocate for lower labour costs which ensure they spend a little less on manpower, but ensure that consumers get the best services they offer (Derickson, 2005). One can argue that less money spent on manpower is equal to spending even lesser amounts on

What impact are technologies such as iPlayer, 4OD and You Tube having Essay

What impact are technologies such as iPlayer, 4OD and You Tube having on audiences and broadcasters - Essay Example The current scenario is as Negroponte surmised in the mid-nineties, â€Å"wholly new content will emerge from digital, as will new players, new economic models and a likely cottage industry of information and entertainment providers† (1995, p. 18). In the recent years, emergence of new technologies like the iPlayer, 4OD and You Tube along with the merging of various market forces have led to contention over the fact as whether traditional form of broadcasting would be soon obsolete, owing to widespread Internet use, or whether the audience would switch over and browse Internet primarily through their televisions. The industries that function within the arena of mass media and communications face persistent pressure in the form of ever-growing demands from their audiences, and they must necessarily conform and evolve in order to meet these demands and survive the stiff market competition. In order to retain their audience, the television industry adopted the process of converge nce with Internet, where it became possible for â€Å"multiplexing - the ability to offer ancillary digital streams of data, image sound and interactivity simultaneously† .... Discussion The introduction of modern technology in the arena of television industry during the late 1990s signalled a sort of abundance, when the number of channels being aired increased, while simultaneously expanding their worldwide purview, along with the addition of new storage and interactive faculties. The complete switch over to digital TV from the older analogue version started region wise in UK, from 2008 and is expected to end by 2012. Even though the changeover to digital version is nearly over, the switch over to a high-tech Smart TV (that converged TV with internet) until the end of 2011 was relatively low, where observations reveal that until recently only 12% of the British people had a Smart TV in their homes, a figure which is now progressively increasingly (Brilot, 2012). Within communications and mass media sector, television is the last segment to have received internet connection (Brilot, 2012). It was viewed that the chief successor to the traditional form of t elevision broadcasting services would be the internet-based video streaming sites that would offer a revolutionary mode of interactive sessions, along with personalised television programs (Harries, 2002, 219). Therefore, it was regarded that the online video streaming websites would turn out to be a main competitor for the traditional form of television broadcasting. However, recent reports show otherwise, where it is observed that traditional live TV viewing is still more popular amongst UK audience (more than 90% of the total population prefer ‘live’ TV viewing), than the modern technological developments, that include iPlayer, 4OD and You Tube viewing (Bairamian, 2010). Besides this, despite various sites that offer direct viewing of videos (like YouTube or iPlayer)

A Critical Analysis of Own Video Work. Hush (2013) Essay

A Critical Analysis of Own Video Work. Hush (2013) - Essay Example The movie focuses on the illustration of the psychological disintegration of the lead character, Alice, who bereaves the death of her son, Jason. She appears obsessed with her son and while doing the chores in the course of her daily life, her attention goes back to her son. Her son’s memories haunt her through his possessions such as his guitar and mask, the room he had used, his pictures and even the â€Å"Spiderman Song† from his favourite cartoon. She also seems to be haunted by her own childhood, which reflects on the fragmented manner in which the thoughts about her son come to her. She lives alone and the movie makes no reference to her husband or any other relatives. Thus, it transpires that her son was the only person she loved and cared for and this explains her obsession for him. This obsession with her dead child destabilizes her present life and finally erodes her sanity and she ends up in a mental hospital. The movie eloquently portrays the disintegration of the young mother by relying purely on the actions of the protagonist within 4 consecutive days inside her house and using distorted images of her daily routines. In doing this, the movie seems to have drawn inspiration from many acclaimed directors of the horror and psychological thriller movies, especially from David Lynch and Sharon Maguire. The movie has several elements that conform to the concepts of horror and psychological thriller movies, including its theme, the sequences of action, setting, sound and music. Rather than revealing characterization through dialogue or plot development, the movie focuses on simple and routine actions of the protagonist to reveal her psychological condition, trauma and obsession with her son. It, however, follows a systematic approach albeit through the depiction of the changes in the character’s routine to illustrate how her behavioural pattern keeps changing within a matter of a few days, due to her disintegrating mental state. Thus , the movie, through illustrating the changes in the behavioural pattern of the protagonist portrays her mental state and shows how the obsessions can devastate the lives of human beings. The creative minds of people can sometimes follow a similar line of thinking and, as a result, one artist may perceive the same method for illustrating a particular in the same way that another has done. David Lynch is a highly popular and critically acclaimed director who has created many a masterpieces that have been celebrated as epoch making events in movie history. He is also known for his style of depicting the psychological traumas in individuals by showing distorted images from their daily lives to allude to their deteriorating mental states. The movie Hush also displays several traits that are typical attributes of Lynch’s style of representing the psychological problems in his characters. This can be evidenced from how the character in this movie displays the disintegration of her mind through the variations in her actions. The audience initially sees Alice in the movie when she does her make up in a leisurely manner, paying sharp attention to the details. She works on her eyelashes and cheeks in an unhurried manner and the cosmetics and other items are kept neat and tidy. Thus, the movie creates in the audience the understanding that things are normal for Alice and she is in a relaxed mood. In the next scene she is again shown tidying up the house, slowly dusting the surfaces and then she wipes the framed photograph of Jason, pauses to take a look at him, touches the picture and then moves off. But the memory lingers in her mind, as suggested by the tune of the lullaby with its ending note. Alice prepares tea and sits down and stirs it when the camera zooms to the door of Jason’

The Women's Social Movement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Women's Social Movement - Research Paper Example For decades, women are relegated to a subordinate position to that of men especially in our patriarchal societies dominated by masculinity. In America national laws, traditions and religious doctrines only acted to sustain the women’s subordinate status and codified women’s lack of legal and political rights. Though the constitution states that men and women are equal since they have inalienable rights of life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness women are often denied the opportunity to enjoy these rights due to their feminine status. This begins with families where men are viewed as the heads of the households and women as helpers or assistants to other institutions of society especially in politics. Even today, women are far from gaining equality with men as they rarely occupy important positions. In the 113th Congress of U.S there are only 20 women in the senate out of 100 senators and in the House of Representatives there are only 79 women out of 435 members (Center for American Women and Politics). It is in light of this oppression that women’s movements became an important of life. This essay will focus on the women’s suffrage movement formed in 1848 and continued up to 1920; how it was formed, its goals, problems and challenges and major achievements over the period as well as the key figures in the movement. The women’s suffrage movement was formed in the late nineteenth century and continued up to early twentieth century. It was founded in 1848 during the Seneca Falls Convention by women who were fed up with being treated as inferior members of society although some men who sympathized with the women’ s plight were also present. Just like it is stipulated by Staggenborg that social movements undergo a natural cycle of maintenance, growth, and decline, the suffragist movement was no exception (10). The period before the American Civil War was that of growth. However,

Math project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Math project - Essay Example I considered various factors, including my family expenditure in every month. Finally I came to a conclusion that I could afford to purchase a Honda CR-V within a period of sixteen months. I borrowed a loan from one of the banks in our country. I made this decision with considerations to the costs and interest payments. I also considered down payments, trade in allowances and other debts. This was not the only payment I had to make, thus I allocated an affordable amount to this budget. I had some rent, insurance and taxes that needed to be paid within every month. I therefore had to limit my debt payments to less than 45% of my monthly gross income. My entire household earns $5,000 in terms of gross wages every month. 24% of this amount was spent on rent. This is approximately $1,200. After paying this, only $ 2,550 remains. I still needed money for insurance, groceries, fuel and other household expenses. I decided to budget 20% of my total earnings to the purchase of the car. This meant that I had to set aside $ 1,000 for purchase of the car. The car is one that I can finance for not more than $2,000 per month. I could not spend more than this amount on the car since I needed to cater for all the other needs. I have a family to provide for alongside all other requirements in life. The amount that was hereby allocated to car payments included insurance and registration fees. The car selected is a front wheel drive and costs approximately $31,600. I chose this car since it was affordable for me then. The car also favored my taste and preference. A front wheel drive car is cheaper than a four wheel drive. I had to borrow $32,000 from the bank. This was the lowest amount possible depending on the situation at hand. In making this decision, I had considered all factors, including the total payment, loan term and interest rate. I tried to make the initial

CH8 disscussion questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CH8 disscussion questions - Essay Example More so, the student may be discouraged and lack for motivation when completing other tasks during other classes. It can be more beneficial to combine the two types of praises making major focus on praising effort rather than ability. It is also important to stress that children can develop the ability if they work hard and next time other students may come up with quick and correct answers. Clearly, time is precious and some educators simply fail to invest classroom time into development of certain skills that can help students to learn more effectively. Nonetheless, it is essential for a teacher to make sure that students acquire the necessary knowledge and skills. An effective strategy can involve giving group tasks. Working in a group will enable a student to observe the way other students work and he/she will be able to use similar strategies in the future. Clearly, it is important to make sure that each group includes slow students as well as bright students. Apart from that, educators have to devote some time to teaching students to use certain learning strategies. Thus, when giving an assignment, it is possible to give students several minutes to discuss strategies they are going to use to do their tasks. The teacher should give some advice and highlight strengths and weaknesses of approaches mentioned. Sometimes a teacher may simply give some tips on completing a task. Willingham (2009) names several strategies that can be applied when helping students to catch up. One of them is quite controversial as asking a student to devote â€Å"a fixed time† to do assignments may be counterproductive since the student may sit with books but think of something else (Willingham, 2009, p. 186). First, it is crucial to make the student understand that he/she will need extra effort to catch up. It is important to add that the student should also understand the importance of catching up. Asking a student to read more or do more tasks

Product Offering Essay Example for Free

Product Offering Essay BMW, the Ultimate Driving Machine, is developed from an independent company. This company was able to focus on turning great ideas into great cars. The company exhibits one of the most recognizable logos in the world, the blue and white BMW insignia which is known as the Roundel. This emblem depicts motion as it portrays the movement of an airplane propeller against a clear blue Bavarian sky. One of the most visible BMW design elements is the twin-kidney grill, introduced in 1933, the distinctive shape of the kidneys first emerged from an effort to reduce aerodynamic drag. BMW is manufactured in the Leipzig Plant in Germany, which has been called one of the ten most important buildings of the 21st century. The building was designed by the renowned architect Zaha Hadid. The BMW company has remained relatively small and very independent for over 90 years. Market needs The BMW Company indicated that it is not enough to build great cars, but also to strive to create lasting relationships. The BMW ownership experience is said to be a partnership with the drivers, this experience continues to drive the market for these vehicles. The experience also shows the excellence in performance and how committed the company is to the vehicles that bear their name. The BMW Performance Driving School was built to create better drivers and to attract customers. They build these facilities because of their need to remain competitive in the market, with the idea of fine tuning their vehicles. The need for BMW motor vehicles continue to grow because of their performance as compared to vehicles in the same class. Customers are seeking quality craftsmanship, well thought out design, and excellent customer service so as to build a loyal customer base. Market  growth With the present economy, where unemployment rate is at an alarming 9.5%, and the prices of motor vehicles going down due to competition by so many vehicle manufacturers, the BMW market has had slight growth throughout the world. Consumers are discovering the fun of driving a BMW. SWOT analysis BMW Motor Company is independent; therefore, they can do things differently in terms of developing their vehicles. They do not have to cut corners or costs to satisfy a parent company. This is one of the reasons for their strength in the market. BMW has an important racing heritage. All BMW vehicles feature near perfect front/rear weight distribution. This balance in the product is for high performance handling. BMW continues to gain more opportunities both locally and abroad, because of their attention to details and their innovative efforts. BMW weaknesses lies with cost of the vehicles, most of their vehicles are above the $30,000 mark, which is not affordable by the average consumer. BMW is a motor vehicle company, and like other motor vehicle manufacturing company, is under threat. Other companies have manufactured and produce great automobiles which are competitive and comparable to the BMW. Companies such as Ford Motor Company, Toyota Motor Corporation, Daimler Chrysler AG, Volkswagen AG, Nissan Motor Corporation, Ltd., and Honda Motor Corporation have also produced top of the line motor vehicles with competitive prices and therefore, pose a threat to the BMW. The slump in the economy is also a threat to BMW, since less people will be able to afford the vehicles. Competition Since BMW is an independent motor company, it has relatively few major competitors, however, as an automobile company it still has a stiff competition. With today’s economy, consumers are not able to afford higher priced vehicles made by BMW, and are buying more affordable domestic and international cars. Companies like Toyota, Hyundai, or Ford may have more customers, but BMW is not for the average customer. In fact, most of these companies advertise and run promotions so much, that it can devalue the product offering in buyers’ minds, which is why BMW carefully promotes its products. The type of consumer that typically buys a BMW will not buy  lower-end cars, but will consider other cars made in Germany, like Porsche, Audi and Mercedes, which are the closest competitors for BMW. Mercedes focuses more on luxury, whereas Porsche is more of a sports-car line. This is why BMW has created the Ultimate Driving Machine, since it can offer what all of these other German aut omobile companies offer, at a reasonable price when compared to them respectively. Product Offering/ Product Definition BMW is an international automotive company that designs middle and high-end cars for consumers. The main product lines offered by BMW are the 3 series, 5 series, 7 series, and M series. The 3 series car is a smaller, faster car, whereas the 5 and 7 series are the higher end luxury sports car. The M series is the ultimate sports car with handling like that of a Porsche. The reason BMW makes these higher priced, higher end sports cars, is because this is what the consumer wants. When offering products, companies like BMW â€Å"make sure that the quality of the product offerings is in fact the quality that consumers really want†(Kotler, 2006). BMW’s product offerings give the company its product definition, which allows the company to stand apart from other companies. If a consumer wants a regular car that gets them from point a, to point b, they buy a Honda Civic. However, if a consumer wants a car that gets them to and from the same place, but with an extra kick of sport and luxury, they buy a BMW. Product Identification Product recognition, preference, and insistence are the goal of product identification. This can be achieved through the creation of logos, symbols, slogans, colors, and brand names. The BMW brand carries a rich history of quality engines, brakes, aircrafts, and automobiles. Land, air and seagoing vehicles, automobiles, bicycles, accessories for automobiles and bicycles, vehicle components, stationary engines for solid, liquid and gaseous fuels and their components and accessories(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_BMW). The brand is symbolic due to its early 1900’s association with World War I /II development of aircraft engines and flight schools. During the 1920’s BMW began manufacturing motorcycles and re-designed the original logo. The new logo incorporated portions of the original logo to maintain recognition with existing consumers as well as build value around the automobile side of the  business. †The inner area of the Rapp logo was decorated with the head of a black horse – Rappe in German. By analogy with this, the blue and white panels of the Bavarian national flag were placed at the center of the BMW logo. Not until the late 1920s was the logo lent a new interpretation as representing a rotating propeller. The BMW Trademark, called a roundel, was submitted for registration on the rolls of the Imperial Patent Office, and registered there with no. 221388 on December 10, 1917†( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_BMW). BMW has achieved its strong product recognition through effective international marketing of quality, value, prestige, and class. The company has done an excellent job maintaining brand value, while working to target several variations of segmented consumers. BMW has established preference and insistence through effective marketing of high quality, service guarantee, and luxury. Product Justification The BMW product earns justification through its ability to meet market needs and wants. BMW meets consumer demand from a want perspective. Consumer’s long for the experience to own, lease, or drive a luxury BMW machine. The BMW product serves a need from a service guarantee perspective. â€Å"We design extraordinary cars. It only seems right to offer a service plan to match. No other premium automaker provides such comprehensive benefits for absolutely no cost. So while other car owners will incur from several hundred to over one thousand dollars of maintenance or repair costs during the first 4 years they own their vehicles, you pay nothing for the first 4 years or 50,000 miles†(bmwusa.com). Conclusion BMW is the ultimate driving machine, and as the company offers additional products, consumers are willing to pay a little bit extra for the quality that BMW can provide. The competition is fierce, and the economy is always fluctuating, but BMW has always created the greatest products, backed up by German precision engineering. References (2009). BMW Ultimate Service. BMWUSA.COM. Retrieved on July 12, 2009 from http://www.bmwusa.com/Standard/Content/Owner/BMWUltimateService/Default.aspx (2008). History of BMW. Wikipedia.Org. Retrieved on July 12, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_BMW Kotler Keller. (2007). A Framework for Marketing Management (3rd Ed.). New Jersey: Pearson – Prentice Hall.

Leading In the Affective Domain

Leading In the Affective Domain Describe the effect behaviors have on productivity. Contrast the cognitive and affective domains. Research What is the relationship between the domains and learning? Identify a cognitive skill and an affective skill? The concept for learning domains and educational taxonomies evolved from the 1948 American Psychological Association Convention (Menix, 1996). There are three domains involved in the process of learning which exist as separate yet interactive processes involved in the Human learning outcomes. The cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains epitomize the different aspects and degrees of learning complexity (Menix, 1996). The cognitive domain is often described as what we know, but is more the interaction of knowledge, understanding, application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation (Jensen, 2003). This encompasses the psychological and intellectual functions that facilitate comprehension and subsequent formation of rational judgments and includes perception, memory, imagination, thought and language (Brà ¼hlmeier, 2010). An example of a Cognitive skill is comprehension-to successfully interpret the meaning in order to develop an understanding of what is required. The affective domain concerns empathy and behaviour by the interaction of receiving, responding, valuing, organization and characterization by a value or value complex (Gronlund, 1991, p. 34). Emotions stimulate our learning and determine whether we are confident in this learning. Only when we have strong feelings about it do we believe something and give significance to it (Gazibara, 2003). An example of an affective skill is Value- to attach values to concepts and express an opinion as to its worth. Between the domains which one has the greatest impact on productivity? I feel that affective domain has a more significant impact on productivity in that the cognitive domain imparts the knowledge of how to do the task and the psychotic domain gives us the manual dexterity however the intention to do the task is carried out by the affective domain-attitude and motivation. Koul et al (2004) suggested that students perceptions of biology and physics classroom learning environments and their biology and physics classroom anxiety are conditioned by their motivational goal orientations Contrast the tasks, obstacles and goals of the Bully versus the Charismatic Leader. The authoritarian leadership style is the historical model of leader, based on the power being held exclusively by an individual leader who dictates policies and procedures, determines goals and strategies and directs without input by the subordinates, possibly modelled on historical feudal leadership where the word of the leader is absolute. It is largely dismissed as a leadership style. Smither (1991) wrote that it is not advocated in any management textbook recommends it. Many people who have under an authoritarian leader, describe their experience as a nightmare. Authoritarian methods of operation are dysfunctional, causing breakdown in the organization, in work accomplishment, and in interpersonal relations (Fisher, 1978). It is not without advocates however, in certain situations. Smither (1991) wrote about cases where a team management approach has been ineffective, and that authoritarian leadership as a management style has seen some revival. Researchers have found that there are cases where teams respond well to this management approach. The article suggests essentially that some people like to be led, and do not want responsibility of decision-making concerning organisational operations. Many individuals favour the structure and order of an authoritarian workplace. Additionally he writes that changing ones leadership style to fit the situation -has been found ineffective by a great many managers. While it is important to remember that authoritarian management is not a synonym for oppressive or punitive management, there is no cause to assume that teamwork or quality circles in themselves will result in higher productivity (Smither, 1991). Clegg et al (2003) described three forms of authority-charismatic authority as authority denoted due to the attractiveness and power of the leader, in that the leader is effectively owed homage through personal magnetism, grace and bearing. Traditional authority where the authority is owed by birthright e.g. the clas s system. Rational-legal authority holds that authority is given due to the position held by the leader in that it is not the individual but the office that commands authority. Kuhn (2012) described a charismatic leader as a person who creates the belief that anything is possible, via the command of three elements-branding, articulation and affection of the team. Tuomo (2005) wrote that a charismatic leader is effective when the leader behaviours are motivated by altruism as opposed to ego. Raelin (2003) warned that though charismatics can charm employees with their rhetoric and can draw the big picture, they can display such traits as grandiosity and suspicion. This was further tempered with the lack of availability with born leaders, and the requirement to recruit the capable. Traits required included innate intelligence, a desire to learn and work with others, giving them the ability to become effective leaders. The key issue with an authoritarian leader is one of staffing retention and low morale. The key issue with the charismatic leader is to perform and produce the promises. Describe a memorable leader: How did they impact Stress, Control and Satisfaction? Greg Dyke amongst other achievements served for a short-lived tenure as the director general of the British Broadcasting Cooperation. This was terminated following a disagreement with the government of the time concerning an edition of the current affairs programme Today questioning the justification from the government for the role of the United Kingdom in the conflict. During his tenure, Greg Dyke achieved several significant victories overseeing the transition from analogue to digital television, the rise of the MTV phenomena. He significantly reduced costs by terminating consultancy and agency staffing which was a contributory factor to the cooperations lack of success, as was the extant management style at the time which was responsible for eroding the BBCs Creativity (Schlesinger, 2010). Overturning this and effectively empowering his staff helped to regain creativity within the cooperation which effectively defines his tenure. Additionally, he had a management style that one many allies within the cooperation in that he was an approachable individual who interacted with all levels of staff. Such was his popularity that when he was forced to resign the cooperation saw industrial action as workers went on strike in protest. His success as a leader was according to him, down to making sure staff who worked closely with him, broadcasted the right message to others. References Clegg. S., Kornberger. M., Pitsis. T. (2011) Managing Organisations An Introduction to Theory Practice. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Fisher, J. (1978). The Authoritarian as Anti-Manager. Public Personnel Management. 7.1 (Jan./Feb. 1978): 33. Gazibara, S, (2003) Head, Heart and Hands Learning. A challenge for contemporary education. Journal of Education Culture and Society No. 1_2013 Gronlund, N. E. (1991). How to write and use instructional objectives (4th ed.). New York : Macmillan Publishing Company. Jensen, E. (2003). Super teaching: Over 1000 practical strategies. Zagreb: Educa. Koul, R, Roy, L, Lerdpornkulrat, T. (2012) Motivational goal orientation, perceptions of biology and physics classroom learning environments, and gender. Learning Environments Research; Dordrecht15.2(Jul 2012): 217-229. Kuhn, M Alexander. (2012) Charismatic Leaders. Leadership Excellence; Aurora29.7 (Jul 2012): 20. Menix, K,. (1996) Domains of Learning: Interdependent Components of Achievable Learning Outcomes. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing; Thorofare27.5 (Sep/Oct 1996): 200-208. Raelin, J (2003) The myth of charismatic leaders. Profile. T + D; Alexandria57.3 (Mar 2003): 46-54. Schlesinger, P. (2010) The most creative organization in the world? The BBC, creativity and managerial style. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 16(3), pp. 271-285. (doi:10.1080/10286630903302766) Smither, R. (1991). The Return of the Authoritarian Manager. Training. 28.11 (Nov 1991): 40. Tuomo, T (2005) Problems and Perspectives in Management, 3/2005 45 Charismatic Leadership and Power

The Power of Models and Modeling Essay -- Science Agriculture Essays

The Power of Models and Modeling Models have evolved since the turn of the century. There are models for most any item or system that exists. Developments in mathematics have enabled the world of models to explode. Now most everything can be modeled using some sort of mathematics. Agriculture is field that must rely on predictions. The Farmers Almanac is a source of information that allows one to predict upcoming events. The data in the Almanac is used to model events, especially hydrologic events that can occur in the future. The models that are created today are complex and involve numerous computations that only a computer can do. These models are used in a wide variety of tasks. Models have long been a vision to people, now they are a reality, and have been used to create systems that produce cost-efficient and effective answers to everyday problems. RESTRICTIONS ON MODELING As with life, models come with restraints. These constraints must be weight to see the proper â€Å"give and take† ratio to ascertain a compatible model. There are numerous restraints exist among modeling. The obvious is the budget of the project. The more money available, the precision of the model increases. The use of complex mathematical relationships with multiple iterations leads to the need of vast amounts of computer time. The trade off is the computer time and cost is marginal compared the salary of an individual that is capable to do these mathematical computations. Educated personnel with extensive knowledge and understanding of the model are necessary to determine if the data created makes sense. Finally a model is of no use if there is not real world data to simulate. Simulation of this data checks the validity of th... ...Drainage and Uncontrolled Drainage. Paper No.87-2548. Presented at the ASAE Int’l Winter Meeting in Illinois, December 15-18, ASAE, ST. Joseph, MI (Parsons 1987) Kuo, Wen-Ling, Tammo S. Steenhuis, Charles E. MuCulloch, Charles L. Mohler, David A. Weinstein, Stephen D. DeGloria, and Dennis P. Swaney. 1999. Effect of Grid Size on Soil Moisture for a Variable –Source-Area Hydrology Model. Water Resources Research, Vol. 32, No11, 3419-3428. (Kuo 1999) Muà ±oz-Carpena, Rafael, John E. Parsons, J. Wendell Gilliam. 1998. Modeling Hydrology and Sediment Transport in Vegetative Filter Strips. J. of Hydrology. 214, (1999): 111-129 .(Muà ±oz-Carpena 1998) Skaggs, R. W., M. A. Breve, and J. W. Gilliam. 1995. Predicting Effects of Water Table Management of Loss of Nitrogen from Poorly Drained Soils. European Journal of Agronomy, Vol 494: 1-11. (Skaggs 1995).

Joseph Contrads Heart of Darkness :: essays research papers

“The Horror! The Horror!'; Joseph Conrad’s “Heart of Darkness'; is not just a suspenseful tale of a man’s journey to one of the Earth’s few remaining frontiers, the African Congo; it is a psychological insight into the true pits of the human mind, in search of the true “heart of darkness';, which resides not geographically, but is a part of all of us, living under the restraints of society and civilization. Conrad explores the idea that under the taboos and societal mandates, there is a potential for actions and beliefs that are shocking to the common individual. Yet, if a man is released to do as he wills, without society to judge him, he can cross into a state-of-being that we consider primal and non-human. Without civilization, one would become an agent free to do whatever he chooses, and will do it willingly. Conrad demonstrates and hints at this conclusion using several literary devices, ranging from symbolism to the subtle changes in Marlowe, the narrator, that represent his growing distance from civilization and reality. The strongest device and example of this phenomenon is the transformation of Mr. Kurtz, the director of the Inner Station. In this essay, I will explain and analyze Kurtz’s “de-humanity';, and how effective it is in achieving Conrad’s goal. This “deconstruction'; of Kurtz culminates with his utterance of the phrase, “The horror! The horror!';, as he lay dying. Yet, first we must explain what Kurtz was before he stepped over the edge. From the moment Marlowe arrives on the coast of Africa, he hears tales of an incredible man, who runs a trading post deep in the Congo. The accountant at the first station said, “He [Kurtz] is a remarkable person.... Sends in as much ivory as all the others put together....'; (Conrad 33-34) The bricklayer at the second station calls Kurtz an “universal genius'; (43). Marlowe himself tells us that Kurtz is an educated man, who had originally been commissioned to bring civilization and light into this, one of the darkest and vilest places on the Earth. Furthermore, the International Society for the Suppression of Savage Customs has asked to Kurtz to submit a report, for the future reference of the Society. Marlowe, himself, has reads the report and refers to it as a “beautiful piece of writing';; yet, through Kurtz’s rhetoric on how the superior white man has a responsibility to civilize and help the primitive natives, the report ends with a phrase scrawled in unsteady handwriting and it reads, “Exterminate all the brutes!'; (66) The last entry into his report gives a hint at what has become to the “remarkable'; Mr.

William Penn and the Quakers :: essays research papers

William Penn and the Quakers The Quakers, also known as the Society of Friends was religious group that founded Pennsylvania. William Penn, one of the leaders, worked with the Quakers, Indians and the other population to make an ideal world for him, his followers, and the other people in his environment. With his efforts, and the help of others, the Quakers left a huge impact on Pennsylvania and the entire nation. The Quakers are a religion that originated in England in protest of the Anglican Church's practices. The man in charge of this religious revolution was George Fox.1 He believed that God didn't live in churches as much as he lived in people's hearts.2 In that state of mind, he went out into the world in search of his true religion. He argued with priests, slept in fields, and spent days and nights trying to find followers. His first followers were mostly young people and women. Besides freedom of religion, they wanted freedom of speech, worship and assembly, refusal to go to war or take oath, and equality of the sexes and social classes.3 In England, between the years of 1650 and 1700, more than 15,000 Quakers were fined and/or imprisoned; 366 were killed.4 The reason why the Quakers were put through such torture was because their beliefs and culture was different from the Anglican Church. At that time, any religion that was practiced in England other than the Anglican Church would be persecuted. They believed that religion shouldn't be practiced in a church as much as in your heart. The differences that were between the Quakers and the Anglican Christians was that the Anglicans practiced strict discipline in their prayers. They would go to prayer every morning, and ask for forgiveness of their sins. They believed that the sacred authority was the Bible, the only way to make your way to heaven was to go to sermon; they should glorify God in the world; and pay no attention to the irrationality of God. They didn't believe men could achieve anything for themselves; only God could do that. The Quakers, on the other hand, believed that God should be in your spirit, not in sermon, and that your sacred authority shouldn't be a book, it should be your inner light, the force that drives you through you life. They believed you shouldn't be servants of God, but to be friends of God.

Describe the characteristics of the different types of schools in relation to educational stage(s) and school governance Essay

The two schools I shall be discussing are Parkstone Grammar School, and Canford Heath Infant School. I have chosen these schools, as they are very different, not only in their age ranges but also in the processes in which they admit their students. Parkstone Grammar School is a selective all girls academy school in Poole, Dorset. (Academy meaning â€Å"a school directly funded by the governments Department of Education, but independent of local government control.† â€Å"An academy may receive additional support from personal or corporate sponsors, but must meet the same National Curriculum core subject requirements as other state schools and be subject to inspection by Ofsted.† Source Wikipedia) The school provides for girls aged between 11 and 18, teaching key stages 3, 4 and 5. The selection process to determine which girls will be eligible to be considered for an admission place is formatted by means of three exams, one verbal reasoning and two non-verbal reasoning. The girls who meet the appropriate level of ability in these tests can then apply for a place at the school via the local borough. The places are then considered and decided by the schools Governors’ Admissions panel following the criteria shown below. a)Eligible girls who are classed as â€Å"looked after† or have previously been â€Å"looked after†. b)Eligible girls who live within the Borough of Poole. c)Eligible girls who live outside the Borough of Poole, in rank order of the entrance test scores, with those girls obtaining highest scores given higher priority. Parkstone Grammar School has a substantial governing body who describe their role as â€Å"A critical friend† to the school. The governing body, or school governors are responsible for the admissions to the school, as previously mentioned and the recruitment of staff. They also have control over the school funds in order to ensure the teachers and students have the resources they require. Parkstone Grammar School receives most of its funding from the local  authority, receiving  £15464 for 2011-2012. This money is then used to support learning in numerous ways, such as, curriculum support, work experience and SEN. The school also receives The school also receives funding from local companies who sponsor and support the school by providing equipment and help fund building projects such as a new sports hall, for example. In contrast to the Grammar school, Canford Heath Infant School is a state run primary school, providing education for ages 4-7, which covers the Early Years Foundation Stages (EYFS) and Key Stage 1 and 2. The admissions policy is very different to the Grammar, all admissions for the infant school are organised by Poole Borough. Poole admissions conduct and equal preference admissions system, where parents select 3 choices which are considered together, but the highest ranked preference is offered subject to availability. Similarly to the Grammar school though the admissions consider the following criteria when the school is over-subscribed. a)A child in care or who was previously a child in care. b) Pupils who live within the schools catchment area. c)Pupils who live outside the catchment area in the following order 1)Pupils who have sibling who’s already enrolled in the school 2)Pupils who have a significant medical or psychological condition 3)All other pupils As with the Grammar school, Canford Heath Infant School has a governing body which has certain legal duties and responsibilities to ensure that the school provides the correct services to parents and the children attending the school. Canford Heath Infant School governing body consists of five types of governor. 1)LEA – Appointed by the local authority 2)Parent – Elected by parents 3)Community Governor – Elected by the governing body 4)Staff governor – elected by the staff 5)Associate governor – elected by the governing body As with the Grammar school funding is a vital necessity. Canford Heath Infant School is mainly funded the local authority but also has a parent support group who work with the school to provide extra funds for school trips, discos, book bags and library books. Although these schools are very different in their admission procedures and the age of children attending, both schools follow similar structural criteria. For admissions, funding and academic, most importantly both have governing bodies that support the whole school and provide essential guidance, advice and ensuring schools provide equality of opportunity for everyone, by setting values, aims and objectives, agreeing school improvement strategy’s, which involves approving budgets and agreeing staffing. So therefore, in conclusion, despite the differences these schools are effectively run in the same manner, with the same goals and objectives.

Economic Downturn in East Asia

A large economic downturn in East Asia threatens to end its nearly 30 year run of high growth rates. The crisis has caused Asian currencies to fall 50-60%, stock markets to decline 40%, banks to close, and property values to drop. The crisis was brought on by currency devauations, bad banking practices, high foreigh debt, loose government regulation, and corruption. Due to East Asian countries has prompted other countries to worry about the affect on their own economies and offer aid to the financially troubled nations (Sanger 1). The East Asian crisis has affected almost all of he Asian nations, but the three hardest hit countries are Thailand, Indonesia, The panic began in Thailand in May of 1997 when speculators, worried about Thailand†s slowing economy, exces sive debt, and political instability devalued the baht as they fled for market-driven currencies like the American dollar. Indonesia†s evonomy soom fell soon after when the rupiah hit a record low against the U. S. dollar. Indonesia is plagued by more than $70 billion worth of bad debts and a corrupt and ineffcient government. Thailand and Indonesia also suffer from eing overbuilt during real estate booms that reven2 were the result of huge influxes of cash by ooptimistic foreign debt, decreasing exports, and weakening currency (Lochhead 4-5). Other major countries touched by the crisis are Japan, China, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Japan†s economy is burdened by 300 billion in bad back loans and a recession. Chinese bank may carry badd banks loans of up to $1trillion. The banks lend 66% of China†s investment capital to state-run industries that only produce 12% of China†s Malaysia and the Philippines are both faced with devvalued currencies nd lowered stock markets (Lochhead 5). The implicationsof the Asian financial crisis are many. A declining Asian economy will reduce demand for U. S. and other countries† exports. The devalued currencies of East Asia will make Asian imprts seen cheap and will lead to increased American imports, thus increasing our trade deficit (Lochhead 2). A worldwide banking emerge could result if the embattled Asian economies failed to pay back thier loans to the U. S. and other countries (Duffy 2). If the Asian economies fall further, in a desire to raise cash, they might sell the hundreds of billion dollars of U. S. reasuries they now own, leading to higher interest An article in the Economist reported that the Asian economic turmoil and trhe layoffs that may result, could instigate increased discontent and possibly give rise to violent strikes, riots, and greater political instability. Since the financial turmoil causes instability in the world market, several solutions have been porposed designed to restore the health of the Asian economy. The int4ernational Monetary Fund is offering $60 billion in aid packages to Thailand, Indonesia, and South Korea. The aid will be used for converting short-term debt to long-term debt nd to keep currencies from falling lower in the world market. Lower currency values make repaying loans to other nations more difficult. The aid packages are tied to measures that will ensure that the recipient countries reform their economies, some of the measures the nations must follow are increasing taxes to decrease budget deficits, ending corruption, increasing bank banking regulations, and improving accounting information so investors Closing insolvent banks, selling of inefficient state enterprises, and increasing interest rates to slow growth and encourage stability. Hopefully these market reforms will allow East Asia to improve its economic outlook. Since most of the Asian nations have balanced budgets, low inflation, cheap labor, pro business governments, and high savings rates, the long-term outlook for these countries is very good. The financial crisis, instead of destroying the Asian tigers, will merely serve as a much needed lesson in debt management, orderly growth, competent accounting practices, and efficient government. Considereing the size of Asias contribution to the world economy, a rapid recovery will be greatly anticipated.

Figaro Coffee Essay

* We will be the preferred brand of specialty coffee of the international business traveler. Our products and unique style of service will leave a lasting impression among our customers. * We will be the investment of choice in the countries where our brand is represented thereby providing attractive returns to all our shareholders. * We will be a model employer that inspires its stakeholders to be better than its leaders because the opportunities for career and personal growth will drive them to excel. * We will be the most admired training facilities for coffee education making us the best training ground for those who want to establish a career or business on coffee and†¦ * We will be remembered as a committed advocate of corporate social responsibility by championing the cause of coffee to help farmers live a better life. * To cater to the different taste preferences, Figaro offers a wide selection of hot or cold coffee and tea concoctions, accompanying pastries and savory meals. * We recommend you try them all to encounter the unique delight each has to offer. Corporate Mission * We provide excellent coffee and gracious service creating a memorable experience for people who appreciate high quality coffee and demand for exceptional service. * Figaro’s distinctive store design, unique ambiance and style of service satisfy the global customer. * Figaro creates long-term value for its owners and business partners through profitable operations and business sustainability and dignity of life for its employees. * We will always practice good governance and actively pursue the cause of socio-cultural and environmental concerns. * We will always give you quality service, quality products & value for your money. SECTION 3 PRODUCT/SERVICE 3. 1 ABOUT THE COMPANY AND THE PRODUCT The Figaro Coffee Company is a popular specialty coffee store in the Philippines that is 100 percent Filipino-owned. Established in 1993, it is based on the concept of a complete store where â€Å"Filipinos can get the perfect coffee and all the necessary accoutrements for coffee making† that can compete internationally. From only two employees, a managing partner and a kiosk in the Makati Mall of the Ayala Centre, the company now has 64 outlets encompassing kiosks and cafes (including international branches). The company’s product line includes specialty roasted coffees and various coffee-related paraphernalia sold at retail. Aside from the superior-tasting coffee that a customer can enjoy in the Figaro Cafes, the company also offers a host of freshly roasted beans on retail. Among the selection is Barako and from the time it was introduced in 1999, Figaro Barako has become a bestseller. The ‘Save the Barako’ cause has somehow given the coffee added value as a portion of the bean sales is channelled back to into a project to promote the revival of the Barako. The project encompasses awareness programs, new plantings, research, and targeted marketing, and is coordinated with the Figaro Coffee Foundation. Meanwhile, as the consumption of Barako increases, a greater need arises to keep the production going which gives all the more reason why Barako needs to be saved from extinction. The continued increased demand for Barako on the other hand allows the advantage of bringing the price of Barako to a viable level that benefits both the farmer and the retailer. Through Figaro’s customer-loyalty scheme called Coffee Club, the company organizes farm tours twice a year wherein coffee enthusiasts show the process of coffee harvesting and planting. Since the company is primarily a coffee distributor and coffee shop operator, it did not have prior experience in actually growing coffee for commercial production. 3. 2 PRODUCT’S UNIQUE FEAUTURES Our Passion for Coffee. Our Beans are Always Freshly Roasted. Coffee beans need to be roasted to bring out their irresistible flavor and aromatics. The sooner a roasted bean gets into a cup, the better the flavor. Freshness is very important to us. We roast our beans in world class quality roasters, carefully watched over by roasting experts who make sure each bean is done perfectly. Once roasted, the beans are packed and sent to the stores immediately to ensure freshness. We make sure that every cup of coffee our customers enjoy is made of the best quality, perfectly roasted beans. After all, you deserve only the best from Figaro. Share our Passion Today, Figaro boasts 64 cafes in the Philippines. It is one of the fastest-growing coffee chains, in just over 17 years of experience in the art and business of coffee. We believe in catering to upscale coffee lovers, offering coffees expertly roasted and brewed according to the standards of French and Italian cafes. Figaro offers an ideal business opportunity that assures superior returns compared to an independent business of similar scope. After penetrating the international market, we are now keeping a critical eye on expanding in our home-market, which will zero in mostly on business districts around the country as we want more and more people to experience the sophisticated European coffee culture through our local barako coffee. 3. 3 STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT As the company started to get recognition as a major coffee chain, especially with the arrival in the country of international coffee brands such as Starbucks, Figaro was in search of the popular Barako coffee. Quite serendipitously, Figaro’s CEO Pacita Juan met Father Roger Bagao, a coffee farmer/priest in Tagaytay City who headed a farmer’s coffee cooperative. Father Roger hailed from the southern province of Bohol and has made coffee his life. A member of the Divine Word Seminary (SVD) in Tagaytay, Father Roger chose to live among the coffee-farming people. He knew that to assist them to attain spiritual awakening or enrichment, he first had to learn what crops they grew, how they made their livelihood. This meant first helping them to fill their stomachs, and later reaching their souls. So COFFEE was it. He organized a farmers’ cooperative that ran a coffee mill known as SMSK. Pacita Juan met Father Roger and asked him to show Figaro the other side of coffee – farmers, different varieties and where they grew, coffee in the south, coffee in the mountains. When Pacita was looking for the native Barako, Father Roger could only tell her that this variety or species was no longer profitable as their yields were low and Nescafe (the biggest processor) would have no need for the Barako. This saddened Figaro, as Barako is an important part of Philippine coffee history. â€Å"How do we change the tide? † she asked Father Roger. â€Å"Can we start planting Barako? How do we tell people about this sad fate of this species that is so popular among our people? † These questions made Figaro, with the help of Father Roger, establish a foundation to address the needs of the Philippines Coffee Industry – now known as the Figaro Foundation Corporation. The first project of the foundation was general coffee awareness-driven: The Coffee Farm Tour is now held every January in Cavite or Batangas, two provinces appropriate for a day trip. The second project is Barako awareness-driven. The Barako is slowly being cut down due to its ‘low’ demand among big processors. However, there is growing demand for Barako from specialty roast and ground processors in the Philippines, and for export to the Middle East. A related foundation project is called ‘Barako Tree Planting’. Launched in 2000, this project is run every July or August. The key challenges facing the tree-planting project are where to get seedlings and where to get land. Luckily, Father Roger found land during 2000 and 2001. After 2001, however, the foundation met with some problems regarding land ownership and could no longer access the first plantings to check on progress. In the same year, Father Roger introduced Cavite State University (CaVSU) and its research head, Dr. Andy Mojica to the Figaro Foundation. Dr. Mojica would be one of the keys to Barako seedling propagation, and he would also be a major part of the Presidential Task Force on Coffee Rehabilitation prompted by Figaro’s persistent invitation. In January 2002, Figaro (now working with Dr. Mojica’s group) began to visit CaVSU for its Annual Farm Tour and also to work with them on Barako seedling supply, a task that used to be performed by Father Roger. Meanwhile, Father Roger went on a sabbatical in 2002 and Figaro was subsequently invited to be a member of the Presidential Task Force on Coffee Rehabilitation (see below). In this same period, the coffee town of Amadeo was visited by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo for the first-ever Pahimis festival to signal the start of today’s Filipino coffee revolution – a peaceful revolution of going back to coffee farms to increase production to turn the country from being a net coffee importer to a net exporter as it was until 1990. In Amadeo, Figaro met Mayor O. J. Ambagan who gladly offered his land for the next Figaro Tree Planting activity. In the same year, Leisure Farms, a first class farm community invited the Figaro Foundation to undertake another tree planting activity in Lemery, Batangas which would be provided with irrigation and all the care needed for a first class farm. These efforts have now grown into a series of projects with the local government of Amadeo such as the ‘Adopt-a-farm’ program, coffee farm tours, and the organization of a coffee cooperative to promote ‘Cafe Amadeo’ – a ‘monobranding’ exercise to promote Amadeo’s coffee roasters who used to sell under different brand names. More than just to sustain its core product or core business, Figaro has become the trailblazer on how ‘out of the box’ ideas can be used to encourage farmers to plant the Barako again, motivate local governments to do their part and get cooperatives working toward one goal. Through its partnership with the municipality of Amadeo, Figaro will be able to plant around 30,000 Barako trees in and around the Amadeo town providing farmers with a niche product that can be their ticket to higher selling prices and export potential of a value-added product branded with the Figaro name. 3. 4TRADEMARKS. 3. 5PRODUCT There are five commercially known coffee bean varieties worldwide: Arabica, Robusta, Excelsa, Stenophylla and Liberica. The most popular beans in use all over the world are Arabica and Robusta. The former has a more subtle and distinct flavour and is usually used for gourmet coffees. However, due to weather conditions, it cannot be natively grown in the Philippines except in some mountain areas, and therefore is mostly imported. Robusta on the other hand is grown in many parts of the country. Due to its more full-bodied flavour, Robusta is used mostly for instant coffee. The Excelsa and Stenophylla varieties are not cultivated commercially in the Philippines. Liberica is known to be an indigenous product in only three Asian countries, including the Philippines, making the bean a very unique and potentially lucrative product. The term ‘Barako’ in the Philippines has become a generic name for the coffee grown and roasted in the Batangas region (just north of Manila). In truth, Barako is the Philippine Liberica bean known for â€Å"its particularly strong taste, powerful body and a distinctly pungent odour. † Because of its homespun image, domestic demand for Barako had slacked off in favour of imported international Arabica and large-scale production of Robusta by and for large corporations. Saudi Arabia has been the only known export market for Barako. As a result, the Barako is now in danger of extinction. In addition to the decline in Barako production, prevailing low world prices for coffee have meant that many Filipino coffee farmers have begun to shift to other crops and some have chosen to sell their land. 3. 6 FACILITIES (PLANT LOCATION) 3. 7SUPPLIERS A. RAW MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES Figaro buys Filipino coffee from communities and farmers nationwide at an average of 39 tons or 39,000 kgs of coffee every year: THUS BENEFITTING†¦ * 57 farmers and their families or approximately 688 persons benefit YEARLY * Coffee harvested from nearly 115 hectares of coffee farms are sold YEARLY * An estimated amount of P 4 million pesos is generated from the purchase of coffee from farmers YEARLY * More children are sent to school, more families are enabled to buy food, medicines, and earn more savings. Farmers from Kalinga, Ifugao, Benguet, Batangas, Cavite, Negros, Davao, Sulu and Basilan are integrated into the supply chain of Figaro. WITH MORE FARMERS HARVESTING COFFEE, MORE FIGARO PATRONS CONTINUE TO ENJOY CUPS OF FIGARO COFFEE. B. TOOLS, MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT The company does not own roasting facilities, but employs the facilities of a sister company, Boyd’s Coffee Company. Today, Boyd Coffee Co. (Phils. ) Inc. has established its significant presence in the Philippine coffee industry. Capitalizing on its unique qualities as a trendsetter and an expert, Boyd Coffee continues its tradition of providing Fresh Roasted Coffee and Total Coffee Solutions designed specifically for each client’s needs. C. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS The waning supply of Barako beans prompted the company to be more aggressive in securing supplies. The ‘Save the Barako’ campaign is its showpiece effort, and has earned the company a reputation as a company that cares for the coffee farmer. Figaro took up the cause of the Barako when everybody else thought it an Impossible task. But because of its belief in the cause, Figaro enjoined small groups who equally believed in the integrity of the cause and subsequently slowly built awareness towards a greater mass. Today, Barako has gained many supporters and made a dream a possibility, further proof that an inspired vision that is led by a credible company to sustain its own industry is the heart of corporate social responsibility. Ultimately, ‘Save the Barako’ has moved even the simplest coffee customer to help sustain this once-threatened variety – that is reward in itself. SECTION 4 MARKETING PLAN 4. 1 INDUSTRY PROFILE. Worth of the entire coffee industry in the Philippines : P21 Billion* Worth of gourmet coffee industry in the Philippines : 2. 1 Billion* Number of stores in the Philippines : STARBUCKS – 150 Figaro – 64 Bo’s Coffee – 40 Gloria Jeans- 38 Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf- 33 Seattle’s Best – 14 Number of coffee chain outlets – 400+ Growth rate of entire coffee industry : 7% annually Growth rate of gourmet coffee industry : 20% annually The amount needed by the government to sustain coffee industry : P200 million Total Coffee Demands: 65,000 tons, 2009;70,350 tons 2012,75,000 tons by 2015. Total Coffee Production : 30,000 tons Coffee Producing Provinces : 22 Coffee Varieties in the Philippines: Liberica, Robusta, Arabica and Excelsa Coffee has been around for more than 1,000 years. During that time, coffee has been considered a food, a medicine, an aphrodisiac, and even a wine. Today, however, coffee is known as a beverage to be savored and enjoyed. Such has coffee’s popularity grown through the centuries. Today, it can be safely assumed someone, somewhere is savoring a cup, a mug or any of coffee’s delightful and delicious preparations at almost every hour of the day. From sun up to sun down, its coffee time! All commercial varieties of coffee are available in the Philippines – Robusta accounting for 70% of the country’s total production, and Arabica with about 5-10%. Other varieties such as Excelsa and Liberica also thrives in the country and accounts for 15-20% of the total. Robusta is the chief source of the base for blending coffee and is important in the manufacture of soluble or instant coffee. Arabica remains the sole source of fine coffee. The Philippines produces approximately 1.3 percent of the total global coffee production. In our country, no morning is complete without coffee. We have our own Batangas barako to be proud of. Instant coffee then came into the scene, and lately, gourmet and specialty coffee with the introduction of foreign cafes such as Starbucks, Seattle’s Best, and the like. Coffee drinking has now become more than just a way to wake up one’s nerves, it has become a trend. * First, the world’s coffee shops make up the fastest growing part of the restaurant business, checking in with a 7% annual growth rate. * Second, that the world coffee production is estimated at 110 – 120 million bags per year. * Third, that 14 billion espresso coffees are consumed each year in Italy, reaching over 200,000 coffee bars, and still growing. * Fourth, that Americans consume 400 million cups of coffee per day, or equivalent 146,000,000,000 (146 Billion) cups per year; making the United States the leading consumer of coffee in the world. * Fifth, that Japan ranks number 3 in the world for coffee consumption. * Sixth, that coffee represents 75% of all the caffeine consumed in the United States. * And seventh, that cafe bars have total average sales that reach 230 cups a day. * It is now an accepted fact that majority of Filipinos take to coffee like they take to rice, and beer. * Take â€Å"BARAKO† for example, this native-grown coffee bean for example, this native-grown coffee bean is not only famous for its strong aroma, as pinoy coffee lovers would atleast. * Although not a common coffee variety, â€Å"BARAKO† is abundant in Southeast Asia, especially in the Philippines. * Believe it or not, it has the largest beans of all the coffee varieties in the world. Its taste is said to be superior to that of Robusta, and some Filipino coffee lovers prefer Barako to Arabica 4. 2 COMPETITION PROFILE Major Players in the Industry of coffee: Starbucks strength rested on four factors: retail expansion, product and service innovation, having an observed clean store, and being a brand associated with the specialty/gourmet coffee niche. The strongest attribute that consumers associate with the Starbucks brand is its being known for specialty/gourmet coffee. Starbucks is a widely-recognized brand. Its top-of-mind recall is high. It is both a household name and a buzzword. Seattle’s Best Coffee LLC has been roasting premium coffee since 1970 and today roasts more than 20 million pounds of coffee every year and millions of cups of our coffee are served every day. Seattle’s Best Coffee is a featured brand within Starbucks Corporation. The smooth taste of Seattle’s Best Coffee has appealed to Filipino taste buds. Their smooth and flavor-filled coffees are often partnered with equally sumptuous meals that engage the taste buds. Their pastries and pasta are equally delicious and keeps customers coming back for more. The UCC started as a store under the name of â€Å"Ueshima Tadao Shoten† in 1933. It became limited partnership in 1940 and on 1951, became â€Å"Ueshima Coffee Co. , Ltd. â€Å". The company introduced the world’s first canned coffee, â€Å"UCC Coffee with Milk†on April 1969 starting the trend for Japanese Canned Coffee. The Euro-Japanese fused food, free wi-fi internet, and various cafe concepts makes the UCC Cafe a very trusty hangout place for Filipinos. They have several branches in the country and eight other Asian countries. They have a very simple layout but favorable quality. The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf is an American coffee chain, owned and operated by International Coffee & Tea, LLC, which has its corporate headquarters in Los Angeles, California. Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf has a very clean ambience, innovative coffee mixes and really good customer service. This makes them one of the frequented places for coffee and chilling out. Flavorful, reasonably priced and scenic, the Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf stores continue to draw in the coffee-loving crowds. Gloria Jean’s Coffees an Australian owned global specialty coffee company, and is a brand synonymous with coffee quality and leading franchise systems. Personalized service, fun coffee flavors and strategic locations (as one of the awarded foreign franchises in the country) make Gloria Jean’s stay at the top of its game as one of the country’s best coffee shops. The store atmosphere is also excellent and they maintain a loyal following. The Chocolate Macadamia Coffee is a local favorite. â€Å"Bo’s Coffee† is a registered trademark of the business name of a chain of specialty coffee shops that serves espresso beverages, specialty coffee beverages and others, in an ambiance that has been created to cater to a lifestyle market with discriminating taste. Bo’s Coffee Club is very high end coffee shop that has services and product tailored to suit the needs of high society coffee drinkers. They maintain excellent service and product done in good taste, literally and figuratively 4. 3 CUSTOMER PROFILE The typical and most committed coffee drinkers are 25 to 45 year old, affluent, educated adults. While baby boomers have driven the success of coffee shops, specialty coffee appeals to a diverse adult demographic, including college students and young adults. Larger companies may also sell coffee beans wholesale to commercial customers, such as grocery stores and restaurants. SIZE AND GROWTH 1. Do you drink coffee? All of our respondents said that they drink coffee. Reason why they drink coffee 40% of our respondents said that they drink coffee because of coffee’s stimulating properties and benefits that help them in everyday work, 28% Said that its taste, 18% to fit in with others while 14% said that it’s out of habit. 2. When do you prefer to drink coffee? Most of our respondents said that they drink coffee anytime. 3. Do you go to coffee shops? 78% of our respondents said they go to coffee shops to drink coffee and have pastime activities. Reason why yes? 30% of our respondents said that they like the coffee that the coffee shop serves, 25% said that to relax and have pass time their, 15% said that to fit in with others, 10% said that they like the products they sell. Reason why no? 20% of the respondents said that it’s out of their budget and 80% said that it’s just a waste of money. 4. What coffee shops you usually go? 76% of our respondents said they go to Starbucks, 12% go to Kopiroti, and 6% each for Seattle’s Best and Figaro. 5. Do you know Figaro? Majority of our respondents said they know Figaro. How they know Figaro? Most of our respondents said that they saw Figaro branches around the cities and some are word of mouth from friends. 3. How much you are willing to spend in a coffee shop? 52% of our respondents are willing to spend if the price of the coffee will range from P100-P150 4. What do you expect from a coffee shop? Everyone expects a great tasting coffee, clean environment, good service and because of the technology everyone wants a free WI-FI 5. What food you want a coffee shop to serve? Most respondents want bread as a partner to coffee because they only want to ear light foods in coffee shops. 4. 4. TARGET MARKET PROFILE Primary Target Market Our target market is the business executives and young professionals because they hold a big part of the market share in the coffee industry. They are the people that have the habit in drinking coffee and they are the ones who frequently go to coffee shops and for them that is their third home. Usually this people do meetings in coffee shops and conference because of the good ambiance and good surrounding. They choose coffee shops as their third home because they can concentrate in their meeting or business affair especially because of the minimal noise in the coffee shops. They want to hang up in coffee shops because of the comfortable environment and it is affordable. Secondary Target Market Our secondary target market is the class B and C. In the generation today students and foreigners usually go to coffee shops because for them they can study in coffee shops and they can relax and do pass time works. They prefer to study in coffee shops instead in their homes because they can study here for hours without being disturbed and they also choose it as their secondary relaxations place. 4. 5 PRICING PROFILE FIGARO| STARBUCKS| SEATTLE’S BEST| GLORIA JEANS| HOT DRINKSMacchiato85. 00Espresso85. 00 – 109. 00Cappuccino95. 00 – 119. 00Cafe Mocha105. 00 -135. 00White Chocolate Mocha115. 00Cafe Latte95. 00 – 119. 00Cafe Au Lait95. 00 – 119. 00Americano85. 00 – 119. 00Brewed Coffee85. 00 – 119. 00Chocolate Cookie Latte120. 00Caramel Cappuccino Light115. 00Butterscotch Vanilla Latte115. 00 8oz. Peach Latte120. 00 8oz. Strawberry Latte20. 00 8oz. Creme Brulee Latte120. 00Raspberry Mint Latte110. 00Other Hot DrinksHot Tea 85. 00 – 115. 00Hot Chocolate85. 00 – 105. 00Cafe Mocha Light115. 00Steamed Milk85. 00 – 105. 00Blueberry Muffin65. 00Cheese Muffin65. 00Chocolate Muffin65. 00Asado Pie59. 00Tuna Pie59. 00Carrot Loaf69. 00Pudding with Vanilla Sauce69. 00Food for the God’s59. 00Heavenly Cheese Roll59. 00OatmeaL Chocolate Chevvy55. 00Chocolate Cake119. 00My Little Oscar119. 00Dark Chocolate Raspberry Symphony130. 00Strawberry Cheesecake135. 00Chocolate Chip Cookie59. 00Oatmeal Raisin Cookie59. 00English Matrimonial Bar59. 00Banana Hazelnut Turnover79. 00Marble Cream Cheese Brownie70. 00Chocolate Eclair75. 00Tiramisu Eclair75. 00Pepperoni Calzone95. 00Supreme Calzone95. 00Blueberry Cheesecake Lite130. 00Blueberry Almond Puff79. 00| COFEE, TEA AND CLASSICSHot Brewed Coffee80. 00 – 120. 00Hot Brewed Tea90. 00 – 105. 00Iced Tea90. 00 – 120. 00Signature Hot Chocolate105. 00 – 140. 00Caffe Latte90. 00 – 130. 00Cappuccino90. 00 – 130. 00Caffe Mocha100. 00 – 145. 00White Chocolate Mocha115. 00 – 160. 00Caramel Macchiato115. 00 – 160. 00Blended CoffeeMocha125. 00 – 150. 00Caramel125. 00 – 150. 00Dark Mocha155. 00 – 180. 00Coffee Jelly145. 00 – 170. 00Java Chip145. 00 – 170. 00Mint Java ChipvariesHazelnut MochaVariesCreme Brulee FrappuccinovariesChai Frappuccino with Coffee JellyvariesBlack SesameGreen TeavariesBlended CreamCaramel Cream125. 00- 150. 00Chocolate Cream 120. 00 – 145. 00Strawberries and Cream145. 00 – 170. 00Chocolate Cream Chip120. 00 – 145. 00Blended Juice DrinkMango Passion Fruit 125. 00 – 150. 00Raspberry Black Currant 125. 00 – 150. 00Honey Glazed Doughnut40. 00Chunky Chocolate Chip Cookie50. 00Old Fashioned Oatmeal Cookie50. 00Double Chocolate Walnut Brownie50. 00Butterscotch Fudge Bar 50. 00Cinnamon Roll/ Swirl55. 00Ensaymada65. 00Danish65. 00Tuna, Corned Beef and ChickenPandesal55. 00Pork Adobo Roll70. 00Cheese Croissant70. 00Sausage Roll75. 00Italian Pocket95. 00Banoffee Pie105. 00Banana Loaf50. 00| THE PERFresh Brewed Coffee80. 00 – 105. 00Americano Perfect85. 00 – 110. 00Cappuccino95. 00 – 120. 00Breve105. 00 – 130. 00Chai Tea Latte 115. 00 -145. 00Hot Tea95. 00Ice Blended and DeliciousMocha125. 00 – 150. 00JavaChip145. 00 Double Chocolate Mint 135. 00 – 160. 00Chai Tea145. 00 – 170. 00Java Jelly145. 00 – 170. 00Classic Iced Tea90. 00 – 120. 00Naughty Toddy90. 00 – 110. 00Classic American Latte 100. 00 – 130. 00Americano95. 00 – 125. 00World’s Best Coffee MilkshakeClassic Javanilla Shake155. 00Milkshakes155. 00HOT, HSeattle’s Best Coffee LattesHot Classic American Latte90. 00 – 115. 00Caramel Latte110. 00 – 130. 00Vanilla Latte110. 00 – 130. 00Hazelnut Latte 110. 00 – 130. 00Almond Latte 110. 00 – 130. 00Raspberry Latte 110. 00 – 130. 00Seattle’s Best Coffee MochasClassic Mocha100. 00White Chocolate Mocha 120. 00 – 150. 00Raspberry Mocha Kiss120. 00 – 150. 00Almond Mocha Joy120. 00 – 150. 00| Espresso ClassicsCappuccino85. 00 – 110. 00Caffe Latte85. 00 – 110. 00Caffe Mocha95. 00 – 125. 00Espresso80. 00 – 125. 00Machiatto80. 00 – 125. 00Americano80. 00 – 105. 00Filtered Coffee of the Day75. 00 – 100. 00Espresso ExpressionsCaramelae110. 00 – 145. 00Mocha Caramelatte110. 00 – 145. 00White Chocolate Mocha110. 00 – 145. 00Chocolate Macadamia Latte110. 00 – 145. 00Irish Nut Creme110. 00 – 145. 00Very Vanilla Latte110. 00 – 145. 00Tea & ChocolateChai Tea Latte95. 00 – 125. 00Hot Tea85. 00 – 110. 00HotChocolate& Marshmallows115. 00 – 140. 00COLD DRINKSVery Vanilla Chiller135. 00 – 165. 00Creme Brulee135. 00 – 165. 00Cookies ‘n Cream125. 00 -150. 00Mint Chocolate Bomb125. 00 – 150. 00Cappuccino ChillersVanilla Caramel135. 00 – 165. 00Chocolate Macadami140. 00 – 170. 00Gourmet Iced ChocolatesStrawberries n’ Cream130. 00 – 155. 00Iced Chocolate130. 00 – 155. 00Over IceCappuccino Chiller115. 00 – 155. 00Iced Mocha115. 00 – 155. 00Iced Latte100. 00 – 125. 00Strawberry Smoothie135. 00 – 165. 00Mixed Berry Smoothie135. 00 – 165. 00Mango Smoothie135. 00 – 165. 00Tropical Coconut135. 00 – 165. 00Fruit ChillersStrawberry130. 00 – 150. 00Mango Chillers130. 00 – 150. 00| 6 4. 6 ADVERTISEMENT AND PROMOTIONS Marketing Tools| Program Activities| Expansion of Coffee Shop Branches| Figaro will expand its selected coffee shop branches by adding a â€Å"conference section†. Additional space needed will be rented and additional chairs, tables and conference room equipments such as projectors will be provided. Conference Section will be used by business executives and the like, on a rental per hour basis. These spaces will form part of the general area if not rented. Figaro will implement this plan on business cities like Makati, Ortigas and some parts of Quezon City. | Television for Entertainment| There will be Televisions on every branches of Figaro nationwide. This is to entertain customers through movies, basketball games etc. | Customer Advantage CardMagazine Advertisements| For every purchase a customer will earn points that can be converted to freebies like free tickets to movie houses upon reaching a certain point. Figaro will have a picture advertisement in Entrepreneur Magazine and other business magazines, advertising the â€Å"Conference Section† of Figaro. We will advertise on Lifestyle Magazines as well. | Newspaper Advertisements| Newspaper Advertisements in the form of pictures will also be provided in the leading newspapers in the Philippines during Sundays on Manila Bulletin and Philippine Star. We will also make press releases on these newspapers. | TV Show Segment Promotion| Figaro, after the successful implementation of the proposed expansion, will be featured in a TV Show where it can showcase it’s being â€Å"Second Comfort Zone†. | Social Networking Sites| Improvements to the official Facebook page will be made. Designs will be added based on the season- for example: Valentines, Summer, Christmas etc. Links to the official company website, official twitter account and to Figaro’s press releases will be provided. This page will also serve as a place where customers can post their comments and reviews. A twitter account will also be established. These networking sites will keep the online community informed regarding the improvements. | Leaflets| Leaflets will be made available on Figaro branches nationwide. | SECTION 5 OPERATING AND CONTROL SYSTEMS Figaro Support System From helping you secure your site to the thorough training of your employees, Figaro Coffee Company has a strong support system to aid you in the opening and ongoing operation of your business. a. Initial site assessment. b. Training in the Figaro System for the franchisee and the Initial branch staff. c. Site design and construction assistance. d. Comprehensive Store Operations Manual. e. An opening team assigned for the branch’s first month of operations. f. Continuous research and improvement of the Figaro product line. g. Regular field visits by the Figaro Operations Team to give in-site assistance.h. Continuous training programs. i. A network of regular communications with franchises. Pre-qualification The qualities we look for in a franchise include: 1. A passion for coffee and enthusiasm for the business. 2. A strict adherence to Franchise Standards, and a commitment of time and resources to the Figaro System. 3. A desire for a mutually beneficial business relationship. 4. The resources to invest a minimum of ? 5 to 7 million, depending on the business model most suitable to the site chosen by the franchise applicant. Application Process To get your own Figaro franchise system started: 1. E-mail a Letter of Intent containing name of interested party, expressing interest in a franchise and proposed site and location (if any) to Franchise Relations Manager: franchise@figarocoffee. com 2. Upon receipt of the Letter of Intent, we will schedule a Franchise Orientation Meeting with you to discuss the detailed procedures on how to secure a franchise. 3. Fill out the Franchise Qualification Form. 4. If qualified, you will be required to conduct a feasibility study of the selected site using our Market Study form.